Abstract：
:Health care providers and patients have lots of choice to treat type 2 diabetes, but the blood glucose improvement is limited. The one therapy with unlimited potential (at least theoretically) is insulin. Many studies show that glucose control is achievable with insulin safely in most patients with type 2 diabetes. Effective diabetes management at the primary care or specialty level requires a belief in the importance of insulin therapy in uncontrolled patients with type 2 diabetes. This review details the theories, observed outcomes, and how-tos regarding insulin use in type 2 diabetes.
journal_name
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Amjournal_title
Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North Americaauthors
Leahy JLdoi
10.1016/j.ecl.2012.03.004subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2012-03-01 00:00:00pages
119-44issue
1eissn
0889-8529issn
1558-4410pii
S0889-8529(12)00008-4journal_volume
41pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:In adults, GHD is a clinical syndrome that occurs in patients with pituitary or hypothalamic disease. It may be asymptomatic or present with relatively nonspecific constitutional symptoms. Most patients have abnormal body composition, consisting of increased fat mass and decreased lean mass. Life expectancy is signifi...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70201-2
更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Combined clinical and laboratory investigations of MEN-1 have resulted in an increased understanding of this disorder, which may be inherited as an autosomal dominant condition. Defining the features of each disease manifestation in MEN-1 has improved patient management and treatment and has facilitated a screening pr...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70150-x
更新日期：2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Diseases in other organs may impair the male reproductive system. Acute critical conditions such as severe trauma, surgery, myocardial infarction, burns, liver failure, intoxication, or starvation are associated with suppression of gonadotropin secretion and secondary hypogonadism. With chronic illnesses, a primary te...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70043-8
更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The actions of the vitamin D hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) are mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that functions to control gene expression. After ligand activation, the VDR binds directly to specific sequences located near promoters and recruits a ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2010.02.007
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:With modern growth hormone (GH) replacement algorithms, children with a diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency achieve at the end of pediatric GH treatment an adult height that is on the average in the normal range. Recent experience with GH replacement in young adults with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency, h...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2006.11.002
更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Obesity is associated with a spectrum of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension. Both the degree and the distribution of excess adipose tissue impact on the risk of hypertension and associated cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms that may lead to hypertension in obese individuals include inc...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The interface between thyroid hormone action and neuropsychiatric function is intricate, and several mechanisms of thyroid hormone uptake into brain tissues, hormone activation, and influences on neurotransmitter generation have been identified. Symptoms of hypothyroidism are nonspecific, whereas those attributed to t...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2013.05.005
更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The 3243A>G mutation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a genetic variant that is associated with a high risk of developing diabetes during life. Enhanced aging of pancreatic beta-cells, a reduced capacity of these cells to synthesize large amounts of insulin,and a resetting of the ATP/ADP-regulated K-channel seem to be ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2006.02.014
更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Approximately one half of young women who have 46,XX spontaneous premature ovarian failure have ovarian follicles remaining in the ovary. These follicles function intermittently and unpredictably, and pregnancies can occur in these women without intervention, even many years after the diagnosis. Clearly, the term "pre...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(03)00043-4
更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Primary aldosteronism used to be considered a rare cause of secondary hypertension. However, accruing evidence indicates that primary aldosteronism is more common than previously recognized. The implications of this increased prevalence are important to public health because autonomous aldosterone production contribut...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2019.08.002
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article discusses recent evidence that associates the developing intestinal microbiome to the pathogenesis of autoimmune T1D. It attempts to identify avenues that should be pursued that relate this new evidence to interventions that eventually could result in prevention. ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.008
更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The close genotype-phenotype relationship that characterizes thyroid oncology stimulated the authors to address this article by using a mixed, genetic and phenotypic approach. As such, this article addresses the following aspects of intragenic mutations in thyroid cancer: thyroid stimulating hormone receptor and guani...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2008.02.004
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors provide an extensive and comprehensive review of dyslipoproteinemia in children. An effective program for CVD reduction in this population will include an accessible screening program to identify high-risk children, high-quality measurements of TC and LP-C, careful follow-up of screening results with multi...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1990-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Conventional therapy of hypoparathyroidism consists of oral calcium and either activated vitamin D or vitamin D supplements at varying doses. Although adjusting dosing of calcium and/or activated vitamin D or vitamin D itself, the serum calcium should be obtained weekly or monthly depending on the clinical situation. ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2018.07.012
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Renal artery stenosis, particularly related to advancing atherosclerotic disease, is a common concern to internists seeing patients with worsening hypertension and deteriorating renal function. Understanding the hormonal and hemodynamic consequences of critical vascular lesions allows better selection of antihypertens...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Congenital cryptorchidism, that is, undescended testis, is one of the most common urogenital abnormalities observed in newborn boys. In addition to the congenital form, there is also acquired form of cryptorchidism. Fertility potential of patients with cryptorchidism has been evaluated by testicular histology and volu...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2015.07.013
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This systematic review highlights the uncertainty about the safety and efficacy of glucocorticoid withdrawal in many chronic diseases, elucidating the need for further research in this area. The problem of glucocorticoid withdrawal seems to be good example for wide variation in physicians' approaches to weaning patien...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(02)00008-7
更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The prevalence of low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is dramatically increasing because of superior diagnostic imaging technologies. Remote-access endoscopic thyroidectomy is becoming more popular for the lack of a noticeable neck scar. Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy, vestibular approach (TOETVA) is the ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2018.11.009
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with a growing number of immune abnormalities. At the time of clinical onset, most patients developing the disease as children or young adults have autoantibodies reactive with islet beta cells. Current autoantibody markers for IDDM are not sufficient to predict the di...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1991-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article summarizes the effects of catecholamines and vasopressin on the cardiovascular system, focusing on their metabolic and immunologic properties. Particular attention is dedicated to the septic shock condition. ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2006.09.012
更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The familial and genetic nature of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) syndrome was first pointed out by Wermer in 1954, who suggested that an autosomal dominant gene with high penetrance controls the trait. The clinical picture is variable, depending mainly on which glands are involved and whether the tumors ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Skin manifestations associated with diabetes mellitus are common and, with close scrutiny, can occur in most, if not all, patients. Little information is available on what common pathophysiologic thread is responsible for the skin manifestation and diabetes. Although controlled studies are lacking, a recognition of th...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70334-0
更新日期：1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive tumor. ACC may be associated with different syndromes of hormone excess, most frequently Cushing's syndrome with or without hypersecretion of androgens. Recent data suggest that cortisol excess is a negative prognostic factor in advanced and localized ACC. Surger...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2018.02.003
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The most recent elucidation of an inherited disorder of the pancreas concerns the Johanson-Blizzard syndrome (JBS). Positional cloning identified loss-of-function mutations in the UBRI gene on the long arm of chromosome 15 to be the cause of JBS in more than a dozen patients. In patients with JBS the absence of UBRI r...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2006.02.013
更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Surgical approaches to hepatic metastases occupy an important role in the management of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms and may have curative or palliative intentions. Resection of hepatic disease with curative intent is the only modality offering potential cure for patients with liver metastases; however, only...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2018.04.001
更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Establishing the cause of Cushing's syndrome (CS) is one of the most challenging processes in clinical endocrinology. Biochemical testing, including measurement of plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), high-dose dexamethasone suppression, and corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation testing, is integral to the differe...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2005.01.009
更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T (TR) lymphocytes are essential to the maintenance of immunologic tolerance in the host. The discovery of Foxp3 as a transcription factor essential to the differentiation of TR ushered in detailed studies of the molecular mechanisms of TR cell development, peripheral homeostasis, and effector ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2009.01.002
更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article discusses congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) caused by a deficiency of 21-hydroxylase, which represents 90% of all cases of CAH. As in other genetic disorders of metabolism, the symptoms of CAH are related to both the decrease of the final products of metabolism and the accumulation of precursors that a...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level currently is used as the major determinant of lipid- and lipoprotein-associated risk for ischemic cardiovascular disease, and varying levels have become the standard goals of lipid-altering treatment. The predictive value of the LDL-C cholesterol level, however, often ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2008.11.008
更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to decreased bone strength and an increased risk of low-energy fractures. Central dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements are the gold standard for determining bone mineral density. Bone loss is an inevitab...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2015.05.002
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
