Abstract：
:Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level currently is used as the major determinant of lipid- and lipoprotein-associated risk for ischemic cardiovascular disease, and varying levels have become the standard goals of lipid-altering treatment. The predictive value of the LDL-C cholesterol level, however, often is less than that provided by other variables such as non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), apolipoprotein B (apoB), and the number of LDL particles measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This article reviews studies that compare these different lipoprotein variables, describes advanced methodologies of lipoprotein testing, and suggests goals of treatment and clinical situations in which these tests might be ordered.
journal_name
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Amjournal_title
Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North Americaauthors
Lau JF,Smith DAdoi
10.1016/j.ecl.2008.11.008subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-03-01 00:00:00pages
1-31issue
1eissn
0889-8529issn
1558-4410pii
S0889-8529(08)00077-7journal_volume
38pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The recent discovery of specific and sensitive biochemical markers reflecting the overall rate of bone formation and bone resorption has markedly improved the noninvasive assessment of bone turnover in various metabolic bone diseases, especially in osteoporosis. The immunoassay of human osteocalcin, recognizing the in...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70007-4
更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:More than 80% of women experience psychologic or physical symptoms in the late reproductive years, with varying degrees of severity and disruption in their lives. Patients and clinicians have misconceptions about what changes are considered "normal" or"abnormal" during this period. Of importance to clinicians, large-s...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2004.07.003
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Normal aging is accompanied by many changes in the hormonal systems involved in control of sodium and water balance. These alterations, together with age-associated changes in renal function, diminish the capacity of the elderly person to withstand the challenges of illness, drugs, and physiologic stresses. Thus, the ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The presence of vitamin D receptors in diverse tissues like immune cells, beta-cells in the pancreas, and cardiac myocytes has prompted research to evaluate the impact of vitamin D deficiency on the occurrence of immune diseases, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The expression of receptors not only in norma...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2012.05.004
更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Osteoporosis and diabetes mellitus are chronic diseases with significant associated morbidity and mortality. Recent evidence suggests that both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with an increased fracture risk. Fracture as a complication of diabetes must be considered when evaluating and treating patients with...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2013.09.004
更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glucocorticoids mainly act through binding to cytosolic receptors that translocate to the nucleus after ligand binding, and dimerize to affect gene transcription in multiple fashions. The liganded receptors may interact with DNA at specific glucocorticoid responsive-elements, may physically hinder the ability of other...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Well differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in children is characterized by a high rate of response to treatment and low disease-specific mortality. Treatment of children with DTC has evolved toward a greater reliance on evaluation and monitoring with serial serum thyroglobulin measurements and ultrasound examinations. R...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2016.02.002
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Serum thyroglobulin measurement has greatly facilitated the clinical management of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer and a variety of other thyroid disorders. Thyroglobulin autoantibodies remain a significant obstacle to the clinical use of thyroglobulin measurement. The interpretation of any given thyroglob...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70194-8
更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article discusses congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) caused by a deficiency of 21-hydroxylase, which represents 90% of all cases of CAH. As in other genetic disorders of metabolism, the symptoms of CAH are related to both the decrease of the final products of metabolism and the accumulation of precursors that a...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aging in men is associated with a decrease in serum testosterone levels due to attrition in testicular Leydig cells and slowing of the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator. The practicing endocrinologist is frequently consulted for consideration of testosterone therapy in older men with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), a c...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2013.02.012
更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Surgical intervention is a necessary part of a multimodal approach to pituitary lesions. This article summarizes the surgical approach to different neoplastic processes affecting the sellar region. ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2007.10.006
更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article covers considerations in the etiologies and therapy of hypercalcemia. The differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia is discussed, with particular emphasis on primary hyperparathyroidism and the hypercalcemia of malignancy. Clinical features of hypercalcemia are also discussed. Therapy of hypercalcemia is co...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) is an individual electronic document that collects data regarding a specific athlete that is useful in differentiating between natural physiologic variations of selected biomarkers and deviations caused by artificial manipulations. A subsidiary of the endocrine module of the ABP, ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2009.11.003
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A series of investigations have emphasized the heterogeneous nature of the clinical condition known as PCOS and have delineated several factors that may contribute to the hyperandrogenemia and anovulation in this condition. Currently, it remains unclear whether intrinsic abnormalities of ovarian steroidogenesis, the e...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70071-2
更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:CVD is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in patients who have diabetes mellitus. Most such patients have at least one lipid abnormality. Managing these complex lipid disorders is a crucial component of comprehensive diabetes mellitus care and limits the risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. With ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2004.11.004
更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Raloxifene, the first of the second-generation of SERMs to be widely available, represents a significant improvement over tamoxifen. It prevents postmenopausal bone loss and reduces the incidence of vertebral fractures and of new breast cancer cases in osteoporotic patients without stimulating the endometrium. The sug...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(02)00057-9
更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Both somatostatin analogues, which bind to the somatostatin receptor subtypes 2 and 5, and dopamine agonists, which are specific for the D2 receptor, have been used to treat acromegaly. Each of these classes of drugs contains several compounds that vary in duration of action, efficacy, and side effect profile. Althoug...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70062-1
更新日期：1999-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Diseases in other organs may impair the male reproductive system. Acute critical conditions such as severe trauma, surgery, myocardial infarction, burns, liver failure, intoxication, or starvation are associated with suppression of gonadotropin secretion and secondary hypogonadism. With chronic illnesses, a primary te...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70043-8
更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The actions of the vitamin D hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) are mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that functions to control gene expression. After ligand activation, the VDR binds directly to specific sequences located near promoters and recruits a ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2010.02.007
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Renal artery stenosis, particularly related to advancing atherosclerotic disease, is a common concern to internists seeing patients with worsening hypertension and deteriorating renal function. Understanding the hormonal and hemodynamic consequences of critical vascular lesions allows better selection of antihypertens...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cardiovascular disease is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus. In the last 2 decades, great strides have been made in reducing microvascular complications in patients with diabetes through improving glycemic control. Decreasing rates of cardiovascular events have proved to be more difficult than simply intensi...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2013.09.001
更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To make a diagnosis of insulinoma, one must consider it. Neuroglycopenic symptoms are the most prominent and convincing, and the combination of hypoglycemia and endogenous hyperinsulinemia are diagnostic of insulinoma. A glucose level of approximately 40 mg/dL with a concomitant insulin level of 6 microU/mL, a C-pepti...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70087-6
更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The familial and genetic nature of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) syndrome was first pointed out by Wermer in 1954, who suggested that an autosomal dominant gene with high penetrance controls the trait. The clinical picture is variable, depending mainly on which glands are involved and whether the tumors ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The human adult adrenal cortex is composed of the zona glomerulosa (zG), zona fasciculata (zF), and zona reticularis (zR), which are responsible for production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and adrenal androgens, respectively. The final completion of cortical zonation in humans does not occur until puberty w...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2015.02.001
更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:With modern growth hormone (GH) replacement algorithms, children with a diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency achieve at the end of pediatric GH treatment an adult height that is on the average in the normal range. Recent experience with GH replacement in young adults with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency, h...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2006.11.002
更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article describes the basic skills for the design, implementation, and interpretation of randomized controlled studies. Strengths and limitations of each study design are discussed. Epidemiologic issues in the analysis and interpretation of studies, such as loss to follow-up and biases, are included. Numerous cli...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70231-0
更新日期：1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Physiologic regulation of bone cell function is achieved by the combined actions of some circulating hormones and several locally produced cytokines. Interactions among these agents are important, and the regulated generation of proteolytic activities is likely to play a major role in determining net effects on bone c...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A consensus conference of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology held in February 2016 advocated expanding the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in the management of diabetes. Based on the data described in this paper, CGM use is shown to improve glucose co...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2016.06.003
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article summarizes the main principles for the appropriate use of laboratory testing in the diagnosis and management of thyroid disorders, as well as controversies that have arisen in association with some of these biochemical tests. To place a test in perspective, its sensitivity and accuracy should be taken int...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2017.04.002
更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Somatostatin receptor ligands (octreotide and lanreotide) are currently first-line pharmacotherapy for patients with acromegaly in whom surgery fails to control the disease or cannot be considered. The efficacy of a new pan somatostatin receptor ligand, pasireotide, has been investigated as a potential treatment of ac...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2014.10.004
更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00
