Etiologies and therapy of hypercalcemia.

abstract：:Diuretics and beta-blockers have a strong tendency to affect serum lipids adversely, whereas the peripherally acting alpha-blocking agents consistently result in beneficial effects. Most of the other antihypertensive agents (calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and drugs that ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Donahoo WT,Kosmiski LA,Eckel RH

更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Congenital cryptorchidism, that is, undescended testis, is one of the most common urogenital abnormalities observed in newborn boys. In addition to the congenital form, there is also acquired form of cryptorchidism. Fertility potential of patients with cryptorchidism has been evaluated by testicular histology and volu...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Virtanen HE,Toppari J

更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Various clinical syndromes illustrate the essential role of insulin in modulating somatic growth both in utero and after birth. The effect of insulin on growth is a consequence of direct effects transduced via its homologous receptor and post-receptor signaling pathways and indirect effects on other modulators of grow...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Menon RK,Sperling MA

更新日期：1996-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Historically, systemic therapies for advanced, metastatic thyroid carcinomas have been poorly effective. However, as a result of a confluence of increasing knowledge of the biologic basis for thyroid cancer development and progression, identification of therapeutic agents that could target these biologic abnormalities...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Sherman SI

更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Urinary stone disease is the only clinical presentation in patients with cystinuria. Two genes have been associated with type I (SLC3A1) and non-type I (SLC7A9) cystinuria and multiple mutations of these genes have been identified. The type I form is completely recessive while the non-type I form is incompletely reces...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Shekarriz B,Stoller ML

更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The notion that Graves' ophthalmopathy is an autoimmune disease has been based primarily on the clinical associations between it and Graves' hyperthyroidism, and on the frequently beneficial response of the disease to immunosuppressive therapy. Recent advances in molecular biology have led to new insights into the pat...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Bahn RS

更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:With apparent failure of SU drug therapy, the management of NIDDM patients becomes even more challenging. The following sequence of actions is recommended. 1. Situational dietary noncompliance (eg, a prolonged vacation or a recent period of family or occupational stress) should be treated first by renewed regular cont...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Genuth S

更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Conventional therapy of hypoparathyroidism consists of oral calcium and either activated vitamin D or vitamin D supplements at varying doses. Although adjusting dosing of calcium and/or activated vitamin D or vitamin D itself, the serum calcium should be obtained weekly or monthly depending on the clinical situation. ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Babey M,Brandi ML,Shoback D

更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Prostate cancer is the most frequent cancer in men. A discovery of major importance in the endocrinology of prostate cancer is that the testes contribute only 60% of total androgens in adult men; the remaining 40% are synthesized in peripheral tissues, including the normal and cancerous prostate, from inactive androge...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Labrie F

更新日期：1991-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A consensus conference of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology held in February 2016 advocated expanding the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in the management of diabetes. Based on the data described in this paper, CGM use is shown to improve glucose co...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Toschi E,Wolpert H

更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals is incompletely understood and appears to be multifactorial. Proatherogenic changes in blood and tissue lipids are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease among HIV-infected subjects, and these changes ma...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Kelesidis T,Currier JS

更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This systematic review highlights the uncertainty about the safety and efficacy of glucocorticoid withdrawal in many chronic diseases, elucidating the need for further research in this area. The problem of glucocorticoid withdrawal seems to be good example for wide variation in physicians' approaches to weaning patien...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Richter B,Neises G,Clar C

更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Laboratory tests are the most commonly used aids in the diagnosis and monitoring of individuals who have thyroid disease. This article briefly summarizes the common methods of laboratory testing relating to thyroid disease and discusses specific information for individual tests on methods of analysis, their limitation...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Dufour DR

更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Trabecular bone score (TBS) is a novel method that assesses skeletal texture from spine dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) images. TBS improves fracture-risk prediction beyond that provided by DXA bone mineral density (BMD) and clinical risk factors, and can be incorporated to the Word Health Organization Fracture...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Silva BC,Leslie WD

更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the last few years, there have been remarkable advances in the development of new and more sophisticated genetic techniques. These have allowed a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of genetically determined pediatric endocrine disorders and are paving the way for a radical change in diagnosis and trea...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Tenore A,Driul D

更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is rare but one of the most malignant endocrine tumors. This article reviews and summarizes the current knowledge about the treatment of ACC. The epidemiology and molecular events involved in the pathogenesis of ACC are briefly outlined. The different diagnostic tools to distinguish beni...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ranvier GG,Inabnet WB 3rd

更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this article we present factors that determine whether one can trust the results of studies that describe the properties of diagnostic tests. We review the ways in which the results of such studies could be presented to the readers and consider factors that determine the value of such reports in one's own clinical ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Jaeschke R,Guyatt GH,Montori VM

更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Approximately one half of young women who have 46,XX spontaneous premature ovarian failure have ovarian follicles remaining in the ovary. These follicles function intermittently and unpredictably, and pregnancies can occur in these women without intervention, even many years after the diagnosis. Clearly, the term "pre...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Nelson LM,Bakalov VK

更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Morbid obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. Unfortunately, medical interventions have been largely ineffective in this growing population. Currently bariatric surgery is the most effective intervention in managing morbid obesity and its comorbidities. As more patients become eligible for and ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Stocker DJ

更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Primary aldosteronism used to be considered a rare cause of secondary hypertension. However, accruing evidence indicates that primary aldosteronism is more common than previously recognized. The implications of this increased prevalence are important to public health because autonomous aldosterone production contribut...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Hundemer GL,Vaidya A

更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with a growing number of immune abnormalities. At the time of clinical onset, most patients developing the disease as children or young adults have autoantibodies reactive with islet beta cells. Current autoantibody markers for IDDM are not sufficient to predict the di...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Lernmark A,Bärmeier H,Dube S,Hagopian W,Karlsen A,Wassmuth R

更新日期：1991-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Male infertility is a common problem but only about one quarter of patients have specific or defined conditions that make them either sterile or severely infertile. About half of these patients have untreatable primary seminiferous tubule failure, and donor insemination or adoption are the only possibilities of having...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Baker HW

更新日期：1994-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hyperglycemia is common during pregnancy, involving multisystem adaptations. Pregnancy-induced metabolic changes increase insulin resistance. Pregnancy-induced insulin resistance adds to preexisting insulin resistance. Preexisting pancreatic β-cell defect compromises the ability to enhance insulin secretion, leading t...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Kapur A,McIntyre HD,Hod M

更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A number of morphologic and physiologic changes accompany pregnancy such as an increase in lactotrophs and prolactin production, and a decrease in gonadotropins and GH. The hormonal milieu can affect patients with prolactinomas, especially macroadenomas, to cause an increase in size in a minority of patients. Complica...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Prager D,Braunstein GD

更新日期：1995-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare neoplasms found in diverse locations within the body. These tumors are commonly classified by the primary tumor's location, further subclassified by their differentiation, and finally segregated by their ability to hypersecrete peptides or amines. A number of groups have summarize...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Joseph S,Wang YZ,Boudreaux JP,Anthony LB,Campeau R,Raines D,O'Dorisio T,Go VL,Vinik AI,Cundiff J,Woltering EA

更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:All organisms must adapt to changing nutrient availability, with nutrient surplus promoting glucose metabolism and nutrient deficit promoting alternative fuels (in mammals, mainly free fatty acids). A major function of glucose-sensing neurons in the hypothalamus is to regulate blood glucose. When these neurons sense g...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Moreno C,Yang L,Dacks P,Isoda F,Poplawski M,Mobbs CV

更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Estrogen deficiency at menopause is associated with increased risk of bone loss and osteoporosis. Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are increasingly being used for the treatment of postmenopausal hormone-sensitive breast cancer because of better disease-free survival compared with tamoxifen seen in clinical trials with AIs. ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Mirza FS

更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article explores many of the ophthalmologic aspects of thyroid-related orbitopathy. The eight main areas of clinical concern--ocular comfort, optic nerve function, exophthalmos, eyelid position, diplopia, cosmesis, soft-tissue signs, and psychologic factors--are discussed so that practitioners may be more secure ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Gladstone GJ

更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Transgender persons receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy and procedures may face specific skin conditions. Skin diseases in transgender patients often are underdiagnosed and underrecognized despite their important impact on quality of life and mental health. This article discusses pathophysiology, diagnosis, and...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Yeung H,Kahn B,Ly BC,Tangpricha V

更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two biproducts of the revolution in diagnostic imaging techniques are unintended discoveries, and uncertainty for the patient and the clinician. To address the uncertainty associated with adrenal incidentalomas, clinicians need to understand the definition, differential diagnosis, and options for assessment with respe...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Young WF Jr

更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00