Abstract:
:Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare neoplasms found in diverse locations within the body. These tumors are commonly classified by the primary tumor's location, further subclassified by their differentiation, and finally segregated by their ability to hypersecrete peptides or amines. A number of groups have summarized their recommendations for diagnosis and therapy; however, the rarity of these lesions makes prospective randomized multiinstitutional trials difficult. Thus, these "consensus statements" often remain opinion-based. The authors have collaboratively developed a consensus on the current diagnostic work-up necessary for patients with NETs to help clinicians with this confusing field and followed this with some of the more advanced surgical techniques and considerations that are currently only available in specialty centers to show the evolving management of NETs.
journal_name
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Amjournal_title
Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North Americaauthors
Joseph S,Wang YZ,Boudreaux JP,Anthony LB,Campeau R,Raines D,O'Dorisio T,Go VL,Vinik AI,Cundiff J,Woltering EAdoi
10.1016/j.ecl.2010.08.004subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-03-01 00:00:00pages
205-31, xissue
1eissn
0889-8529issn
1558-4410pii
S0889-8529(10)00064-2journal_volume
40pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::With building pressure for cost-containment of medical expenditures, the medical community is finding it increasingly necessary to justify its procedures and systems of care. The analysis of health care outcomes has been extensively applied to diabetes care as a means of determining the process by which optimal outcom...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70262-0
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Raloxifene, the first of the second-generation of SERMs to be widely available, represents a significant improvement over tamoxifen. It prevents postmenopausal bone loss and reduces the incidence of vertebral fractures and of new breast cancer cases in osteoporotic patients without stimulating the endometrium. The sug...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(02)00057-9
更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Skin manifestations associated with diabetes mellitus are common and, with close scrutiny, can occur in most, if not all, patients. Little information is available on what common pathophysiologic thread is responsible for the skin manifestation and diabetes. Although controlled studies are lacking, a recognition of th...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70334-0
更新日期:1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Primary aldosteronism used to be considered a rare cause of secondary hypertension. However, accruing evidence indicates that primary aldosteronism is more common than previously recognized. The implications of this increased prevalence are important to public health because autonomous aldosterone production contribut...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2019.08.002
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The recent discovery of specific and sensitive biochemical markers reflecting the overall rate of bone formation and bone resorption has markedly improved the noninvasive assessment of bone turnover in various metabolic bone diseases, especially in osteoporosis. The immunoassay of human osteocalcin, recognizing the in...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70007-4
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Laboratory tests are the most commonly used aids in the diagnosis and monitoring of individuals who have thyroid disease. This article briefly summarizes the common methods of laboratory testing relating to thyroid disease and discusses specific information for individual tests on methods of analysis, their limitation...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2007.04.003
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this article, an overview is presented of hypophysitis in terms of current clinical and experimental findings, with discussion of the anatomic and histopathologic classification of primary hypophysitis and factors associated with secondary hypophysitis. In addition, discusses the pathophysiology, clinical features,...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2014.10.011
更新日期:2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Diseases in other organs may impair the male reproductive system. Acute critical conditions such as severe trauma, surgery, myocardial infarction, burns, liver failure, intoxication, or starvation are associated with suppression of gonadotropin secretion and secondary hypogonadism. With chronic illnesses, a primary te...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70043-8
更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Conventional therapy of hypoparathyroidism consists of oral calcium and either activated vitamin D or vitamin D supplements at varying doses. Although adjusting dosing of calcium and/or activated vitamin D or vitamin D itself, the serum calcium should be obtained weekly or monthly depending on the clinical situation. ...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2018.07.012
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glucocorticoids are critical in the management of chronic, noninfectious, inflammatory diseases. Bone loss is a most devastating side effect of these powerful medications. Glucocorticoids produce bone loss by altering calcium metabolism, suppressing gonadal hormone production, and inhibiting bone formation. Now that t...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70017-7
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is a major hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and obesity that is characterized by impaired insulin-mediated glucose transport and glycogen synthesis and by increased intramyocellular content of lipid metabolites. Several studies have provided evidence for mitochondrial dy...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2008.06.006
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The immune system, through a complex interplay of highly specialized cells and a seemingly endless number of soluble mediators, works to ensure protection from the potentially harmful pathogens that we encounter in our lifetime. The development of the immune system is a compromise between the necessity to recognize fo...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(01)00016-0
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive tumor. ACC may be associated with different syndromes of hormone excess, most frequently Cushing's syndrome with or without hypersecretion of androgens. Recent data suggest that cortisol excess is a negative prognostic factor in advanced and localized ACC. Surger...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2018.02.003
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review provides an overview of the safety of growth hormone replacement therapy in individuals previously treated for cancer. The review focuses on the risk of disease recurrence and second neoplasm occurrence with special attention to data on childhood cancer survivors. ...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2012.07.002
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The notion that Graves' ophthalmopathy is an autoimmune disease has been based primarily on the clinical associations between it and Graves' hyperthyroidism, and on the frequently beneficial response of the disease to immunosuppressive therapy. Recent advances in molecular biology have led to new insights into the pat...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70132-8
更新日期:2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The dexamethasone suppression test has undergone unprecedented study among the biologic tests proposed for clinical use in psychiatry. Since the 1970s, its study has involved hundreds of reports and thousands of patients. Although important technical aspects of the test appear to be well accepted and validated, additi...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals is incompletely understood and appears to be multifactorial. Proatherogenic changes in blood and tissue lipids are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease among HIV-infected subjects, and these changes ma...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2014.06.003
更新日期:2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Women who cannot or choose not to take estrogens do have alternatives; however, the options are few and unproven in longterm clinical trials with respect to safety and efficacy. Many available alternative treatments may alleviate the symptoms of the menopause, but do not convey long-term protection against osteoporosi...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70253-x
更新日期:1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Elevated plasma concentrations of lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) are an emerging risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). Recent genetic and epidemiologic data have provided strong evidence for a causal role of Lp(a) in CHD. Despite these developments, which have attracted increasing interest from clin...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2014.08.002
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mediators of neuroendocrine and autonomic function seem to play important roles in the core symptoms of major depression. Although centrally directed corticotropin-releasing hormones and norepinephrine contribute to core symptoms such as alterations in anxiety, arousal, and mood, they also exert significant potentiall...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(01)00022-6
更新日期:2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare type of thyroid cancer, demonstrating variable behavior from indolent disease to highly aggressive, progressive disease. There are distinguishing phenotypic features of sporadic and hereditary MTC. Activation or overexpression of cell surface receptors and up-regulation of i...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2014.02.004
更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dyslipidemia now is recognized as a significant potential adverse event in HIV-infected patients who are receiving antiretroviral therapy. HIV-infected persons who have hyperlipidemia should be managed similarly to those without HIV infection in accordance with the National Cholesterol Education Program. Providers mus...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2008.11.009
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Male infertility is a common problem but only about one quarter of patients have specific or defined conditions that make them either sterile or severely infertile. About half of these patients have untreatable primary seminiferous tubule failure, and donor insemination or adoption are the only possibilities of having...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1994-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Transgender persons receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy and procedures may face specific skin conditions. Skin diseases in transgender patients often are underdiagnosed and underrecognized despite their important impact on quality of life and mental health. This article discusses pathophysiology, diagnosis, and...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2019.01.005
更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Diuretics and beta-blockers have a strong tendency to affect serum lipids adversely, whereas the peripherally acting alpha-blocking agents consistently result in beneficial effects. Most of the other antihypertensive agents (calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and drugs that ...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70033-5
更新日期:1998-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Osteoporosis and diabetes mellitus are chronic diseases with significant associated morbidity and mortality. Recent evidence suggests that both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with an increased fracture risk. Fracture as a complication of diabetes must be considered when evaluating and treating patients with...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2013.09.004
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article discusses several unusual forms of primary thyroid neoplasms. The TCV of PTC and insular thyroid carcinoma appears to have a more aggressive clinical behavior than DTC in most patient groups and may respond to thyroid hormone suppression and radioiodine. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, which may develop fro...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70312-1
更新日期:1996-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article links the understanding of developmental physiology of the adrenal cortex to adrenocortical tumor formation. Many molecular mechanisms that lead to formation of adrenocortical tumors have been discovered via next-generation sequencing approaches. The most frequently mutated genes in adrenocortical tumors ...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2017.01.007
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In adults, GHD is a clinical syndrome that occurs in patients with pituitary or hypothalamic disease. It may be asymptomatic or present with relatively nonspecific constitutional symptoms. Most patients have abnormal body composition, consisting of increased fat mass and decreased lean mass. Life expectancy is signifi...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70201-2
更新日期:2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nelson's syndrome (NS) is a condition which may develop in patients with Cushing's disease after bilateral adrenalectomy. Although there is no formal consensus on what defines NS, corticotroph tumor growth and/or gradually increasing ACTH levels are important diagnostic elements. Pathogenesis is unclear and well-estab...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2020.05.004
更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00