Nelson's Syndrome: An Update.

abstract：:This article summarizes the main principles for the appropriate use of laboratory testing in the diagnosis and management of thyroid disorders, as well as controversies that have arisen in association with some of these biochemical tests. To place a test in perspective, its sensitivity and accuracy should be taken int...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Esfandiari NH,Papaleontiou M

更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There are many pathways that might lead to decreased bone mass, skeletal fragility, and increased fracture risk in osteoporosis. Some of these have been clearly identified, such as estrogen deficiency. Others that were conceived on the basis of experimental findings and recent scientific discoveries such as abnormalit...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Raisz LG,Rodan GA

更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The 3243A>G mutation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a genetic variant that is associated with a high risk of developing diabetes during life. Enhanced aging of pancreatic beta-cells, a reduced capacity of these cells to synthesize large amounts of insulin,and a resetting of the ATP/ADP-regulated K-channel seem to be ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Maassen JA,Jahangir Tafrechi RS,Janssen GM,Raap AK,Lemkes HH,'t Hart LM

更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The immune system, through a complex interplay of highly specialized cells and a seemingly endless number of soluble mediators, works to ensure protection from the potentially harmful pathogens that we encounter in our lifetime. The development of the immune system is a compromise between the necessity to recognize fo...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Robles DT,Eisenbarth GS

更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Exercise is an important component of behavioral weight control interventions, and exercise may be most effective for weight control when combined with modifications to energy intake. Clinicians should initially encourage overweight and obese adults to adopt at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Jakicic JM

更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The most recent elucidation of an inherited disorder of the pancreas concerns the Johanson-Blizzard syndrome (JBS). Positional cloning identified loss-of-function mutations in the UBRI gene on the long arm of chromosome 15 to be the cause of JBS in more than a dozen patients. In patients with JBS the absence of UBRI r...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Zenker M,Mayerle J,Reis A,Lerch MM

更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ambiguity of the external genitalia may be based on disordered steroid biosynthesis or may arise from fundamental genetic and chromosomal abnormalities that produce failure of gonadogenesis. This article first discusses congenital adrenal hyperplasia and then considers the diverse abnormalities that cause disordered g...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： New MI,Josso N

更新日期：1988-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The incidence, clinical presentation, and types of thyroid cancers presenting in childhood are reviewed. The role of antecedent radiation in papillary and follicular thyroid cancers and genetics of medullary thyroid carcinoma are discussed. Unique aspects of therapy and prognosis for the pediatric patient with thyroid...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Gorlin JB,Sallan SE

更新日期：1990-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review has highlighted some of the experimental studies in animals and humans that have shown an important link between dietary change and atherosclerosis. This relationship was further supported by population studies showing a key role for saturated fat intake in the determination of serum cholesterol level and ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Stone NJ

更新日期：1990-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lipoproteins are spherical macromolecular complexes in which hydrophobic molecules of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester are enveloped within a monolayer of amphipathic molecules of phospholipids, free cholesterol, and apoproteins. The major lipoprotein classes include intestinally derived chylomicrons that transport ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ginsberg HN

更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:With building pressure for cost-containment of medical expenditures, the medical community is finding it increasingly necessary to justify its procedures and systems of care. The analysis of health care outcomes has been extensively applied to diabetes care as a means of determining the process by which optimal outcom...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ratner RE

更新日期：1997-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Only two drugs are currently approved for long-term use in the treatment of obesity and four others for short-term use. Evaluating the risk-benefit profile is an essential first step. For individuals who have a low body mass index for whom the risk is small, the risk profile must make the drug acceptable for almost ev...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Bray GA

更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nonneoplastic and neoplastic proliferative lesions of endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract are detailed. A multistep continuum from hyperplasia, dysplasia to neoplasia is identified for histamine-producing enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells of the gastric corpus. Most gastric neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are s...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Rindi G,Inzani F,Solcia E

更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The regulation of energy balance is enormously complex, with numerous genetic, hormonal, neural/behavioral, and societal influences. Although the current epidemic of obesity has its underpinnings in the changes in culture during the last half century, the role of the neuroendocrine system in the genesis of obesity is ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Lustig RH

更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this article, the literature is reviewed regarding the role of blood pressure variability and nocturnal nondipping of blood pressure as well as the presence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), in the absence of albuminuria, as risk predictors for progressive DKD. The importance of glycemic and blood pressure control ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Jindal A,Garcia-Touza M,Jindal N,Whaley-Connell A,Sowers JR

更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with a growing number of immune abnormalities. At the time of clinical onset, most patients developing the disease as children or young adults have autoantibodies reactive with islet beta cells. Current autoantibody markers for IDDM are not sufficient to predict the di...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Lernmark A,Bärmeier H,Dube S,Hagopian W,Karlsen A,Wassmuth R

更新日期：1991-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Conventional therapy of hypoparathyroidism consists of oral calcium and either activated vitamin D or vitamin D supplements at varying doses. Although adjusting dosing of calcium and/or activated vitamin D or vitamin D itself, the serum calcium should be obtained weekly or monthly depending on the clinical situation. ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Babey M,Brandi ML,Shoback D

更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Well differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in children is characterized by a high rate of response to treatment and low disease-specific mortality. Treatment of children with DTC has evolved toward a greater reliance on evaluation and monitoring with serial serum thyroglobulin measurements and ultrasound examinations. R...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Machac J

更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Familial benign hypercalcemia, or hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, may be defined as a dominantly inherited disorder of calcium and magnesium metabolism, characterized by lifelong hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia (both of variable degree), that usually is not associated with any symptoms, physical signs, reduced vitality...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Heath H 3rd

更新日期：1989-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glucocorticoids are critical in the management of chronic, noninfectious, inflammatory diseases. Bone loss is a most devastating side effect of these powerful medications. Glucocorticoids produce bone loss by altering calcium metabolism, suppressing gonadal hormone production, and inhibiting bone formation. Now that t...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Lane NE,Lukert B

更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The actions of the vitamin D hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) are mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that functions to control gene expression. After ligand activation, the VDR binds directly to specific sequences located near promoters and recruits a ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Pike JW,Meyer MB

更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Raloxifene, the first of the second-generation of SERMs to be widely available, represents a significant improvement over tamoxifen. It prevents postmenopausal bone loss and reduces the incidence of vertebral fractures and of new breast cancer cases in osteoporotic patients without stimulating the endometrium. The sug...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Fontana A,Delmas PD

更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this article, an overview is presented of hypophysitis in terms of current clinical and experimental findings, with discussion of the anatomic and histopathologic classification of primary hypophysitis and factors associated with secondary hypophysitis. In addition, discusses the pathophysiology, clinical features,...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Fukuoka H

更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Skin manifestations associated with diabetes mellitus are common and, with close scrutiny, can occur in most, if not all, patients. Little information is available on what common pathophysiologic thread is responsible for the skin manifestation and diabetes. Although controlled studies are lacking, a recognition of th...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Sibbald RG,Landolt SJ,Toth D

更新日期：1996-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The degree of hyperglycemia may be an important predictor of morbidity and mortality among patients with MI or stroke, and in those undergoing surgical procedures including coronary artery bypass. Hyperglycemia should be aggressively controlled from the time of hospital admission regardless of the patient's primary me...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Levetan CS,Magee MF

更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndromes are variable in presentation and can be challenging to diagnose and manage. Diagnosis of the type 1 autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome can be difficult at an early age when often only one manifestation is present, and it may take years for others to appear. Increased awa...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Owen CJ,Cheetham TD

更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals is incompletely understood and appears to be multifactorial. Proatherogenic changes in blood and tissue lipids are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease among HIV-infected subjects, and these changes ma...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Kelesidis T,Currier JS

更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article covers considerations in the etiologies and therapy of hypercalcemia. The differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia is discussed, with particular emphasis on primary hyperparathyroidism and the hypercalcemia of malignancy. Clinical features of hypercalcemia are also discussed. Therapy of hypercalcemia is co...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Bilezikian JP

更新日期：1989-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aging in men is associated with a decrease in serum testosterone levels due to attrition in testicular Leydig cells and slowing of the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator. The practicing endocrinologist is frequently consulted for consideration of testosterone therapy in older men with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), a c...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Basaria S

更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article discusses congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) caused by a deficiency of 21-hydroxylase, which represents 90% of all cases of CAH. As in other genetic disorders of metabolism, the symptoms of CAH are related to both the decrease of the final products of metabolism and the accumulation of precursors that a...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Migeon CJ,Donohoue PA

更新日期：1991-06-01 00:00:00