Abstract：
:Lipoproteins are spherical macromolecular complexes in which hydrophobic molecules of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester are enveloped within a monolayer of amphipathic molecules of phospholipids, free cholesterol, and apoproteins. The major lipoprotein classes include intestinally derived chylomicrons that transport dietary fats and cholesterol, hepatic-derived VLDL, IDL, and LDL that can be atherogenic, and hepatic- and intestinally derived HDL that are anti-atherogenic. Apoprotein B is necessary for the secretion of chylomicrons (apo B48) and VLDL, IDL, and LDL (apo B100). Post-translational regulation of the assembly of apo B-containing lipoproteins by core lipid availability seems to be the major mechanism for variations in secretion. Plasma levels of VLDL triglycerides are determined mainly by rates of secretion and LPL lipolytic activity; plasma levels of LDL cholesterol are determined mainly by the secretion of apo B100 into plasma, the efficacy with which VLDL are converted to LDL and by LDL receptor-mediated clearance. Regulation of HDL cholesterol levels is complex and is affected by rates of synthesis of its apoproteins, rates of esterification of free cholesterol to cholesteryl ester by LCAT, levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and CETP-mediated transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL, and clearance from plasma of HDL lipids and apoproteins. Normal lipoprotein transport is associated with low levels of triglycerides and LDL cholesterol and high levels of HDL cholesterol. When lipoprotein transport is abnormal, lipoproteins levels can change in ways that predispose individuals to atherosclerosis.
journal_name
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Amjournal_title
Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North Americaauthors
Ginsberg HNdoi
10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70023-2subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1998-09-01 00:00:00pages
503-19issue
3eissn
0889-8529issn
1558-4410pii
S0889-8529(05)70023-2journal_volume
27pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The recent discovery of specific and sensitive biochemical markers reflecting the overall rate of bone formation and bone resorption has markedly improved the noninvasive assessment of bone turnover in various metabolic bone diseases, especially in osteoporosis. The immunoassay of human osteocalcin, recognizing the in...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70007-4
更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article summarizes the effects of catecholamines and vasopressin on the cardiovascular system, focusing on their metabolic and immunologic properties. Particular attention is dedicated to the septic shock condition. ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2006.09.012
更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Both somatostatin analogues, which bind to the somatostatin receptor subtypes 2 and 5, and dopamine agonists, which are specific for the D2 receptor, have been used to treat acromegaly. Each of these classes of drugs contains several compounds that vary in duration of action, efficacy, and side effect profile. Althoug...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70062-1
更新日期：1999-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hyperglycemia is common during pregnancy, involving multisystem adaptations. Pregnancy-induced metabolic changes increase insulin resistance. Pregnancy-induced insulin resistance adds to preexisting insulin resistance. Preexisting pancreatic β-cell defect compromises the ability to enhance insulin secretion, leading t...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2019.05.009
更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to decreased bone strength and an increased risk of low-energy fractures. Central dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements are the gold standard for determining bone mineral density. Bone loss is an inevitab...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2015.05.002
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The biologic actions of the peptides of the gastrointestinal tract indicate that they exert their effects by interacting with, in many instances, more than one receptor type and receptors on several tissues. Gut hormone profiles in pathophysiologic situations have not demonstrated a significant role for them in diseas...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Congenital cryptorchidism, that is, undescended testis, is one of the most common urogenital abnormalities observed in newborn boys. In addition to the congenital form, there is also acquired form of cryptorchidism. Fertility potential of patients with cryptorchidism has been evaluated by testicular histology and volu...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2015.07.013
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article discusses the evolution of therapy for type I diabetes and considers how physicians should be thinking about the disease in the late 1990s. The biases herein are that management strategy has evolved such that contemporary practice should routinely entail a system of "flexible intensive therapy" directed a...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70272-3
更新日期：1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aging in men is associated with a decrease in serum testosterone levels due to attrition in testicular Leydig cells and slowing of the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator. The practicing endocrinologist is frequently consulted for consideration of testosterone therapy in older men with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), a c...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2013.02.012
更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency can be diagnosed with measurements of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD). Most vitamin D is derived from sunlight (80%), so serum 25OHD levels are lowest in late winter and early spring. Dietary vitamin D in North America is small, about 100 to 200 IU daily. A recent review of the...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2017.07.003
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Health care providers and patients have lots of choice to treat type 2 diabetes, but the blood glucose improvement is limited. The one therapy with unlimited potential (at least theoretically) is insulin. Many studies show that glucose control is achievable with insulin safely in most patients with type 2 diabetes. Ef...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2012.03.004
更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acromegaly is an unusual insidious but potentially serious chronic pituitary disorder. The delay in diagnosis results not only in unique somatic disfigurement but is also associated with significant mental and emotional dysfunction. This article reviews and describes some of these nonclassic and often overlooked featu...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hypertension is an important and modifiable risk factor for the macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes. Prior literature outlines the significance of lowering blood pressure and subsequent cardiovascular and microvascular benefits. Blood pressure targets of less than 140/90 mm Hg are recommended in ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2017.10.008
更新日期：2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glucocorticoid-induced bone loss has been recognized for almost 50 years, yet it remains an important medical problem and a common cause of fracturing. Loss of skeletal mass may occur early in the course of glucocorticoid therapy and appears to be related to the cumulative dose of steroid, as well as to the usual risk...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1990-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The actions of the vitamin D hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) are mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that functions to control gene expression. After ligand activation, the VDR binds directly to specific sequences located near promoters and recruits a ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2010.02.007
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Elevated plasma concentrations of lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) are an emerging risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). Recent genetic and epidemiologic data have provided strong evidence for a causal role of Lp(a) in CHD. Despite these developments, which have attracted increasing interest from clin...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2014.08.002
更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The most recent elucidation of an inherited disorder of the pancreas concerns the Johanson-Blizzard syndrome (JBS). Positional cloning identified loss-of-function mutations in the UBRI gene on the long arm of chromosome 15 to be the cause of JBS in more than a dozen patients. In patients with JBS the absence of UBRI r...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2006.02.013
更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:All of the actions of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) can be explained on the basis of ANF's interaction with specific receptors on the plasma membrane of cells in target tissues. These receptors have been identified. Binding to these receptors by ANF is time dependent and specific and occurs with high affinity. Numer...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1987-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Conventional therapy of hypoparathyroidism consists of oral calcium and either activated vitamin D or vitamin D supplements at varying doses. Although adjusting dosing of calcium and/or activated vitamin D or vitamin D itself, the serum calcium should be obtained weekly or monthly depending on the clinical situation. ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2018.07.012
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare type of thyroid cancer, demonstrating variable behavior from indolent disease to highly aggressive, progressive disease. There are distinguishing phenotypic features of sporadic and hereditary MTC. Activation or overexpression of cell surface receptors and up-regulation of i...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2014.02.004
更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Prostate cancer is the most frequent cancer in men. A discovery of major importance in the endocrinology of prostate cancer is that the testes contribute only 60% of total androgens in adult men; the remaining 40% are synthesized in peripheral tissues, including the normal and cancerous prostate, from inactive androge...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1991-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article summarizes the clinical features and molecular pathogenesis of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) and focuses on the current use of molecular, biochemical, and imaging disease markers as a basis for selection of appropriate therapy. Clinicians treating patients who have MTC face the following challenges: (1) ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2007.04.001
更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rates of obesity counseling are low among physicians because of the lack of time and training in this area. In recognition of this challenge, recent national guidelines encourage physicians to refer patients with obesity to intensive, comprehensive lifestyle programs to lose weight. Some commercial weight-loss program...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2020.02.006
更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the last few years, there have been remarkable advances in the development of new and more sophisticated genetic techniques. These have allowed a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of genetically determined pediatric endocrine disorders and are paving the way for a radical change in diagnosis and trea...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2009.06.001
更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article discusses several unusual forms of primary thyroid neoplasms. The TCV of PTC and insular thyroid carcinoma appears to have a more aggressive clinical behavior than DTC in most patient groups and may respond to thyroid hormone suppression and radioiodine. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, which may develop fro...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70312-1
更新日期：1996-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dyslipidemia now is recognized as a significant potential adverse event in HIV-infected patients who are receiving antiretroviral therapy. HIV-infected persons who have hyperlipidemia should be managed similarly to those without HIV infection in accordance with the National Cholesterol Education Program. Providers mus...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2008.11.009
更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transgender persons receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy and procedures may face specific skin conditions. Skin diseases in transgender patients often are underdiagnosed and underrecognized despite their important impact on quality of life and mental health. This article discusses pathophysiology, diagnosis, and...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2019.01.005
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There are many pathways that might lead to decreased bone mass, skeletal fragility, and increased fracture risk in osteoporosis. Some of these have been clearly identified, such as estrogen deficiency. Others that were conceived on the basis of experimental findings and recent scientific discoveries such as abnormalit...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(02)00055-5
更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)), the hormonally active form of vitamin D, exerts growth inhibitory and prodifferentiating effects on many malignant cells and retards tumor growth in animal models. Calcitriol is being evaluated as an anticancer agent in several human cancers. The mechanisms underlying the antic...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2010.02.011
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Since its discovery, ANF has provided multitudinous opportunities to explore its relationship to various biologic functions. Hundreds of publications investigating various aspects of this newly discovered hormone system have appeared. ANF exhibits a plethora of direct and indirect biologic activities that oppose the h...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1987-03-01 00:00:00
