Dermatologic Conditions in Transgender Populations.

abstract：:In this article, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of diabetic complications have been reviewed. Hyperglycemia-induced mechanisms that may induce vascular dysfunction in specific sites of diabetic microvascular damage include increased polyol pathway flux, altered cellular redox state, increased formation of diacy...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： King GL,Brownlee M

更新日期：1996-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nonneoplastic and neoplastic proliferative lesions of endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract are detailed. A multistep continuum from hyperplasia, dysplasia to neoplasia is identified for histamine-producing enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells of the gastric corpus. Most gastric neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are s...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Rindi G,Inzani F,Solcia E

更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)), the hormonally active form of vitamin D, exerts growth inhibitory and prodifferentiating effects on many malignant cells and retards tumor growth in animal models. Calcitriol is being evaluated as an anticancer agent in several human cancers. The mechanisms underlying the antic...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Krishnan AV,Trump DL,Johnson CS,Feldman D

更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Diuretics and beta-blockers have a strong tendency to affect serum lipids adversely, whereas the peripherally acting alpha-blocking agents consistently result in beneficial effects. Most of the other antihypertensive agents (calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and drugs that ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Donahoo WT,Kosmiski LA,Eckel RH

更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although biotechnology has provided physicians with essentially unlimited supplies of growth hormone (GH), there are currently only a few clear-cut indications for exogenous GH therapy. Data now support the use of GH in the treatment of children with GH deficiency and short girls with Turner syndrome. Tantalizing prel...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Wilson DM

更新日期：1992-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Diseases in other organs may impair the male reproductive system. Acute critical conditions such as severe trauma, surgery, myocardial infarction, burns, liver failure, intoxication, or starvation are associated with suppression of gonadotropin secretion and secondary hypogonadism. With chronic illnesses, a primary te...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Baker HW

更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The biologic actions of the peptides of the gastrointestinal tract indicate that they exert their effects by interacting with, in many instances, more than one receptor type and receptors on several tissues. Gut hormone profiles in pathophysiologic situations have not demonstrated a significant role for them in diseas...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Brown JC

更新日期：1993-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There are many pathways that might lead to decreased bone mass, skeletal fragility, and increased fracture risk in osteoporosis. Some of these have been clearly identified, such as estrogen deficiency. Others that were conceived on the basis of experimental findings and recent scientific discoveries such as abnormalit...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Raisz LG,Rodan GA

更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A small abut important subset of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer will die of disease. Our approach to therapy treats almost all patients similarly, with aggressive surgery and I-131 therapy. Meticulous follow-up should include multiple I-131 diagnostic scans using at least 5 to 10 mCi of I-131 with attenti...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Sweeney DC,Johnston GS

更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The 3243A>G mutation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a genetic variant that is associated with a high risk of developing diabetes during life. Enhanced aging of pancreatic beta-cells, a reduced capacity of these cells to synthesize large amounts of insulin,and a resetting of the ATP/ADP-regulated K-channel seem to be ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Maassen JA,Jahangir Tafrechi RS,Janssen GM,Raap AK,Lemkes HH,'t Hart LM

更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Exercise is an important component of behavioral weight control interventions, and exercise may be most effective for weight control when combined with modifications to energy intake. Clinicians should initially encourage overweight and obese adults to adopt at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Jakicic JM

更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Obesity is associated with a spectrum of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension. Both the degree and the distribution of excess adipose tissue impact on the risk of hypertension and associated cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms that may lead to hypertension in obese individuals include inc...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Hsueh WA,Buchanan TA

更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to decreased bone strength and an increased risk of low-energy fractures. Central dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements are the gold standard for determining bone mineral density. Bone loss is an inevitab...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Lupsa BC,Insogna K

更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In summary, patients who will remain on glucocorticoids for more than a few weeks are clearly at risk for osteoporosis. A list of therapeutic strategies is provided in Table 2. While our therapy remains inadequate at this time, newer agents are on the horizon. In the near future, it may be possible to recommend specif...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Adler RA,Rosen CJ

更新日期：1994-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The liver is key to glucose homeostasis. Any disruption of its metabolism, structural integrity, or intracellular dynamics may alter the liver's ability to maintain normal glucose homeostasis. When such disruption affects hepatic glucose output, hypoglycemia may eventuate. Multiple drugs including alcohol may alter th...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Arky RA

更新日期：1989-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Only two drugs are currently approved for long-term use in the treatment of obesity and four others for short-term use. Evaluating the risk-benefit profile is an essential first step. For individuals who have a low body mass index for whom the risk is small, the risk profile must make the drug acceptable for almost ev...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Bray GA

更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Serum prolactin is reliably elevated by the antipsychotic drugs. Prolactin levels have been followed in psychotic patients during the use of these drugs as an indicator of underlying pathophysiology or as a reflection of drug activity. Considerable research is underway to elucidate further the potential clinical and r...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Green AI,Brown WA

更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is rare but one of the most malignant endocrine tumors. This article reviews and summarizes the current knowledge about the treatment of ACC. The epidemiology and molecular events involved in the pathogenesis of ACC are briefly outlined. The different diagnostic tools to distinguish beni...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ranvier GG,Inabnet WB 3rd

更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Acute hyperkalemia can be a life-threatening consequence of a variety of pathologic, pharmacologic, and iatrogenic disorders. Recognition and prompt therapy often reverse the electrophysiologic complications within minutes. Therefore, physicians must have a thorough understanding of potassium homeostasis. The causes o...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Clark BA,Brown RS

更新日期：1995-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glucocorticoids are critical in the management of chronic, noninfectious, inflammatory diseases. Bone loss is a most devastating side effect of these powerful medications. Glucocorticoids produce bone loss by altering calcium metabolism, suppressing gonadal hormone production, and inhibiting bone formation. Now that t...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Lane NE,Lukert B

更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aging in men is associated with a decrease in serum testosterone levels due to attrition in testicular Leydig cells and slowing of the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator. The practicing endocrinologist is frequently consulted for consideration of testosterone therapy in older men with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), a c...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Basaria S

更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There are several objectives to be achieved during the diagnostic evaluation of a male partner of an infertile partnership. The first is to identify whether or not there is a male factor present and, if so, whether this is attributable to an underlying medical illness. The second is to identify the cause of reduced ma...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Jarow JP

更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Various clinical syndromes illustrate the essential role of insulin in modulating somatic growth both in utero and after birth. The effect of insulin on growth is a consequence of direct effects transduced via its homologous receptor and post-receptor signaling pathways and indirect effects on other modulators of grow...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Menon RK,Sperling MA

更新日期：1996-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The human adult adrenal cortex is composed of the zona glomerulosa (zG), zona fasciculata (zF), and zona reticularis (zR), which are responsible for production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and adrenal androgens, respectively. The final completion of cortical zonation in humans does not occur until puberty w...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Xing Y,Lerario AM,Rainey W,Hammer GD

更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The immune system, through a complex interplay of highly specialized cells and a seemingly endless number of soluble mediators, works to ensure protection from the potentially harmful pathogens that we encounter in our lifetime. The development of the immune system is a compromise between the necessity to recognize fo...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Robles DT,Eisenbarth GS

更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndromes are variable in presentation and can be challenging to diagnose and manage. Diagnosis of the type 1 autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome can be difficult at an early age when often only one manifestation is present, and it may take years for others to appear. Increased awa...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Owen CJ,Cheetham TD

更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This systematic review highlights the uncertainty about the safety and efficacy of glucocorticoid withdrawal in many chronic diseases, elucidating the need for further research in this area. The problem of glucocorticoid withdrawal seems to be good example for wide variation in physicians' approaches to weaning patien...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Richter B,Neises G,Clar C

更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Statins are widely used in secondary and primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. They reduce cardiovascular events and mortality, and have an excellent safety record. Recent case reports suggest a possible association between statins and adverse effects on cognition. This article reviews recent l...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Rojas-Fernandez C,Hudani Z,Bittner V

更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The incidence, clinical presentation, and types of thyroid cancers presenting in childhood are reviewed. The role of antecedent radiation in papillary and follicular thyroid cancers and genetics of medullary thyroid carcinoma are discussed. Unique aspects of therapy and prognosis for the pediatric patient with thyroid...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Gorlin JB,Sallan SE

更新日期：1990-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Congenital cryptorchidism, that is, undescended testis, is one of the most common urogenital abnormalities observed in newborn boys. In addition to the congenital form, there is also acquired form of cryptorchidism. Fertility potential of patients with cryptorchidism has been evaluated by testicular histology and volu...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Virtanen HE,Toppari J

更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00