Extraskeletal effects of vitamin D.

abstract：:Raloxifene, the first of the second-generation of SERMs to be widely available, represents a significant improvement over tamoxifen. It prevents postmenopausal bone loss and reduces the incidence of vertebral fractures and of new breast cancer cases in osteoporotic patients without stimulating the endometrium. The sug...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Fontana A,Delmas PD

更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Diuretics and beta-blockers have a strong tendency to affect serum lipids adversely, whereas the peripherally acting alpha-blocking agents consistently result in beneficial effects. Most of the other antihypertensive agents (calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and drugs that ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Donahoo WT,Kosmiski LA,Eckel RH

更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Unlike other pituitary hormones, PRL is under tonic inhibition by the hypothalamus by way of the PRL inhibitory factor, dopamine. GAP and GABA may also be inhibitory. PRL-releasing factors include TRH and VIP and possibly others. Circulating PRL is predominantly monomeric, although some patients with hyperprolactinemi...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Molitch ME

更新日期：1992-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In adults, GHD is a clinical syndrome that occurs in patients with pituitary or hypothalamic disease. It may be asymptomatic or present with relatively nonspecific constitutional symptoms. Most patients have abnormal body composition, consisting of increased fat mass and decreased lean mass. Life expectancy is signifi...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Stavrou S,Kleinberg DL

更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Historically, systemic therapies for advanced, metastatic thyroid carcinomas have been poorly effective. However, as a result of a confluence of increasing knowledge of the biologic basis for thyroid cancer development and progression, identification of therapeutic agents that could target these biologic abnormalities...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Sherman SI

更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article addresses the role of insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. The major causes of acquired insulin resistance including aging, pregnancy, lack of physical activity, and obesity are discussed briefly. The role of free fatty acids (FFAs) as a link between obesity and insulin resistance/ty...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Boden G

更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Over the past 40 years, meal skipping and snacking in US adults have increased, and currently most eating occasions occur later in the day than previously. Whether these changes have played a causal role in the obesity epidemic is poorly understood. Observational studies are largely inconclusive due to methodological ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： McCrory MA,Shaw AC,Lee JA

更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article links the understanding of developmental physiology of the adrenal cortex to adrenocortical tumor formation. Many molecular mechanisms that lead to formation of adrenocortical tumors have been discovered via next-generation sequencing approaches. The most frequently mutated genes in adrenocortical tumors ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Lodish M

更新日期：2017-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:P450c17 commands a central role in human steroidogenesis as the qualitative regulator of steroid hormone flux. Consequently, the study of P450c17 deficiencies in human beings serves to illustrate many aspects of the physiology of steroid biosynthesis and to demonstrate salient features of the genetics and biochemistry...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Auchus RJ

更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two biproducts of the revolution in diagnostic imaging techniques are unintended discoveries, and uncertainty for the patient and the clinician. To address the uncertainty associated with adrenal incidentalomas, clinicians need to understand the definition, differential diagnosis, and options for assessment with respe...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Young WF Jr

更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Surgical approaches to hepatic metastases occupy an important role in the management of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms and may have curative or palliative intentions. Resection of hepatic disease with curative intent is the only modality offering potential cure for patients with liver metastases; however, only...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Frilling A,Clift AK

更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dyslipidemia now is recognized as a significant potential adverse event in HIV-infected patients who are receiving antiretroviral therapy. HIV-infected persons who have hyperlipidemia should be managed similarly to those without HIV infection in accordance with the National Cholesterol Education Program. Providers mus...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Aberg JA

更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The close genotype-phenotype relationship that characterizes thyroid oncology stimulated the authors to address this article by using a mixed, genetic and phenotypic approach. As such, this article addresses the following aspects of intragenic mutations in thyroid cancer: thyroid stimulating hormone receptor and guani...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Sobrinho-Simões M,Máximo V,Rocha AS,Trovisco V,Castro P,Preto A,Lima J,Soares P

更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Establishing the cause of Cushing's syndrome (CS) is one of the most challenging processes in clinical endocrinology. Biochemical testing, including measurement of plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), high-dose dexamethasone suppression, and corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation testing, is integral to the differe...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Lindsay JR,Nieman LK

更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A series of investigations have emphasized the heterogeneous nature of the clinical condition known as PCOS and have delineated several factors that may contribute to the hyperandrogenemia and anovulation in this condition. Currently, it remains unclear whether intrinsic abnormalities of ovarian steroidogenesis, the e...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Marshall JC,Eagleson CA

更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glucocorticoid-induced bone loss has been recognized for almost 50 years, yet it remains an important medical problem and a common cause of fracturing. Loss of skeletal mass may occur early in the course of glucocorticoid therapy and appears to be related to the cumulative dose of steroid, as well as to the usual risk...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Hodgson SF

更新日期：1990-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article describes the technical aspects and the clinical results of conventional radiotherapy and modern stereotactic radiotherapy for pituitary adenomas. Systematic review of the published literature provides a factual basis for the comparison and the selection of appropriate radiation technique in patients who ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Brada M,Jankowska P

更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article explores many of the ophthalmologic aspects of thyroid-related orbitopathy. The eight main areas of clinical concern--ocular comfort, optic nerve function, exophthalmos, eyelid position, diplopia, cosmesis, soft-tissue signs, and psychologic factors--are discussed so that practitioners may be more secure ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Gladstone GJ

更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Women who cannot or choose not to take estrogens do have alternatives; however, the options are few and unproven in longterm clinical trials with respect to safety and efficacy. Many available alternative treatments may alleviate the symptoms of the menopause, but do not convey long-term protection against osteoporosi...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Hendrix SL

更新日期：1997-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The recent discovery of specific and sensitive biochemical markers reflecting the overall rate of bone formation and bone resorption has markedly improved the noninvasive assessment of bone turnover in various metabolic bone diseases, especially in osteoporosis. The immunoassay of human osteocalcin, recognizing the in...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Garnero P,Delmas PD

更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A number of morphologic and physiologic changes accompany pregnancy such as an increase in lactotrophs and prolactin production, and a decrease in gonadotropins and GH. The hormonal milieu can affect patients with prolactinomas, especially macroadenomas, to cause an increase in size in a minority of patients. Complica...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Prager D,Braunstein GD

更新日期：1995-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article summarizes the clinical features and molecular pathogenesis of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) and focuses on the current use of molecular, biochemical, and imaging disease markers as a basis for selection of appropriate therapy. Clinicians treating patients who have MTC face the following challenges: (1) ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ball DW

更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Conventional therapy of hypoparathyroidism consists of oral calcium and either activated vitamin D or vitamin D supplements at varying doses. Although adjusting dosing of calcium and/or activated vitamin D or vitamin D itself, the serum calcium should be obtained weekly or monthly depending on the clinical situation. ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Babey M,Brandi ML,Shoback D

更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article discusses several unusual forms of primary thyroid neoplasms. The TCV of PTC and insular thyroid carcinoma appears to have a more aggressive clinical behavior than DTC in most patient groups and may respond to thyroid hormone suppression and radioiodine. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, which may develop fro...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Burman KD,Ringel MD,Wartofsky L

更新日期：1996-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Acromegaly is an unusual insidious but potentially serious chronic pituitary disorder. The delay in diagnosis results not only in unique somatic disfigurement but is also associated with significant mental and emotional dysfunction. This article reviews and describes some of these nonclassic and often overlooked featu...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ezzat S

更新日期：1992-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Normal sleep is characterized both by reduced glucose turnover by the brain and other metabolically active tissues, and by changes in glucose tolerance. Sleep duration has decreased over the last several decades; data suggest a link between short sleep duration and type 2 diabetes. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) result...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Mesarwi O,Polak J,Jun J,Polotsky VY

更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Since its discovery, ANF has provided multitudinous opportunities to explore its relationship to various biologic functions. Hundreds of publications investigating various aspects of this newly discovered hormone system have appeared. ANF exhibits a plethora of direct and indirect biologic activities that oppose the h...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Adams SP

更新日期：1987-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The actions of the vitamin D hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) are mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that functions to control gene expression. After ligand activation, the VDR binds directly to specific sequences located near promoters and recruits a ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Pike JW,Meyer MB

更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An approach to the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with osteoporosis is described. A system of classification of vertebral fractures is outlined, and the relative merits of different techniques for bone mineral density are discussed. The importance of identifying factors that accelerate bone loss is stressed. The ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Eastell R,Riggs BL

更新日期：1988-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cardiovascular disease is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus. In the last 2 decades, great strides have been made in reducing microvascular complications in patients with diabetes through improving glycemic control. Decreasing rates of cardiovascular events have proved to be more difficult than simply intensi...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Szuszkiewicz-Garcia MM,Davidson JA

更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00