Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance.

abstract：:Conventional therapy of hypoparathyroidism consists of oral calcium and either activated vitamin D or vitamin D supplements at varying doses. Although adjusting dosing of calcium and/or activated vitamin D or vitamin D itself, the serum calcium should be obtained weekly or monthly depending on the clinical situation. ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Babey M,Brandi ML,Shoback D

更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lifestyle modification is the cornerstone treatment of type 2 diabetes in the obese patient, and is highly effective at promoting glucose regulation. However, many individuals struggle over time to maintain optimal glycemic control and/or body weight with lifestyle modification. Therefore, additional therapeutic appro...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Malin SK,Kashyap SR

更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Approximately one half of young women who have 46,XX spontaneous premature ovarian failure have ovarian follicles remaining in the ovary. These follicles function intermittently and unpredictably, and pregnancies can occur in these women without intervention, even many years after the diagnosis. Clearly, the term "pre...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Nelson LM,Bakalov VK

更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In summary, patients who will remain on glucocorticoids for more than a few weeks are clearly at risk for osteoporosis. A list of therapeutic strategies is provided in Table 2. While our therapy remains inadequate at this time, newer agents are on the horizon. In the near future, it may be possible to recommend specif...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Adler RA,Rosen CJ

更新日期：1994-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nonneoplastic and neoplastic proliferative lesions of endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract are detailed. A multistep continuum from hyperplasia, dysplasia to neoplasia is identified for histamine-producing enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells of the gastric corpus. Most gastric neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are s...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Rindi G,Inzani F,Solcia E

更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive tumor. ACC may be associated with different syndromes of hormone excess, most frequently Cushing's syndrome with or without hypersecretion of androgens. Recent data suggest that cortisol excess is a negative prognostic factor in advanced and localized ACC. Surger...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Puglisi S,Perotti P,Pia A,Reimondo G,Terzolo M

更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nelson's syndrome (NS) is a condition which may develop in patients with Cushing's disease after bilateral adrenalectomy. Although there is no formal consensus on what defines NS, corticotroph tumor growth and/or gradually increasing ACTH levels are important diagnostic elements. Pathogenesis is unclear and well-estab...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Fountas A,Karavitaki N

更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The recent discovery of specific and sensitive biochemical markers reflecting the overall rate of bone formation and bone resorption has markedly improved the noninvasive assessment of bone turnover in various metabolic bone diseases, especially in osteoporosis. The immunoassay of human osteocalcin, recognizing the in...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Garnero P,Delmas PD

更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Unlike other pituitary hormones, PRL is under tonic inhibition by the hypothalamus by way of the PRL inhibitory factor, dopamine. GAP and GABA may also be inhibitory. PRL-releasing factors include TRH and VIP and possibly others. Circulating PRL is predominantly monomeric, although some patients with hyperprolactinemi...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Molitch ME

更新日期：1992-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Duplex/color Doppler sonography (US) is the imaging modality of choice for the evaluation of patients with primary amenorrhea. Careful correlation with clinical history, physical examination and laboratory findings significantly narrows the diagnostic possibilities thus allowing for a more precise diagnosis. This arti...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Rosenberg HK

更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Only two drugs are currently approved for long-term use in the treatment of obesity and four others for short-term use. Evaluating the risk-benefit profile is an essential first step. For individuals who have a low body mass index for whom the risk is small, the risk profile must make the drug acceptable for almost ev...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Bray GA

更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Raloxifene, the first of the second-generation of SERMs to be widely available, represents a significant improvement over tamoxifen. It prevents postmenopausal bone loss and reduces the incidence of vertebral fractures and of new breast cancer cases in osteoporotic patients without stimulating the endometrium. The sug...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Fontana A,Delmas PD

更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Women who cannot or choose not to take estrogens do have alternatives; however, the options are few and unproven in longterm clinical trials with respect to safety and efficacy. Many available alternative treatments may alleviate the symptoms of the menopause, but do not convey long-term protection against osteoporosi...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Hendrix SL

更新日期：1997-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lipoproteins are spherical macromolecular complexes in which hydrophobic molecules of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester are enveloped within a monolayer of amphipathic molecules of phospholipids, free cholesterol, and apoproteins. The major lipoprotein classes include intestinally derived chylomicrons that transport ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ginsberg HN

更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review has highlighted some of the experimental studies in animals and humans that have shown an important link between dietary change and atherosclerosis. This relationship was further supported by population studies showing a key role for saturated fat intake in the determination of serum cholesterol level and ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Stone NJ

更新日期：1990-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Primary aldosteronism used to be considered a rare cause of secondary hypertension. However, accruing evidence indicates that primary aldosteronism is more common than previously recognized. The implications of this increased prevalence are important to public health because autonomous aldosterone production contribut...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Hundemer GL,Vaidya A

更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article discusses several unusual forms of primary thyroid neoplasms. The TCV of PTC and insular thyroid carcinoma appears to have a more aggressive clinical behavior than DTC in most patient groups and may respond to thyroid hormone suppression and radioiodine. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, which may develop fro...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Burman KD,Ringel MD,Wartofsky L

更新日期：1996-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Obesity in adults is associated with excess mortality and excess risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, gallbladder disease, certain cancers, and osteoarthritis. Overweight children often become overweight adults, and overweight in adulthood is a health risk. Although childhood overwei...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ogden CL,Carroll MD,Flegal KM

更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although biotechnology has provided physicians with essentially unlimited supplies of growth hormone (GH), there are currently only a few clear-cut indications for exogenous GH therapy. Data now support the use of GH in the treatment of children with GH deficiency and short girls with Turner syndrome. Tantalizing prel...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Wilson DM

更新日期：1992-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The study of genetic syndromes associated with adrenocortical tumors (Beckwith-Wiedemann, Li-Fraumeni, McCune-Albright, Carney, and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1) has shed light on the molecular basis of tumorigenesis. Abnormalities at the 11p15 locus appear as crucial and frequent events found specifically in m...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Gicquel C,Bertherat J,Le Bouc Y,Bertagna X

更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Renal artery stenosis, particularly related to advancing atherosclerotic disease, is a common concern to internists seeing patients with worsening hypertension and deteriorating renal function. Understanding the hormonal and hemodynamic consequences of critical vascular lesions allows better selection of antihypertens...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Textor SC

更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A series of investigations have emphasized the heterogeneous nature of the clinical condition known as PCOS and have delineated several factors that may contribute to the hyperandrogenemia and anovulation in this condition. Currently, it remains unclear whether intrinsic abnormalities of ovarian steroidogenesis, the e...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Marshall JC,Eagleson CA

更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Health care providers and patients have lots of choice to treat type 2 diabetes, but the blood glucose improvement is limited. The one therapy with unlimited potential (at least theoretically) is insulin. Many studies show that glucose control is achievable with insulin safely in most patients with type 2 diabetes. Ef...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Leahy JL

更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the major secretory product of the parathyroid glands, and in hypocalcemic conditions, can enhance renal calcium reabsorption, increase active vitamin D production to increase intestinal calcium absorption, and mobilize calcium from bone by increasing turnover, mainly but not exclusively i...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Goltzman D

更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Estrogen deficiency at menopause is associated with increased risk of bone loss and osteoporosis. Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are increasingly being used for the treatment of postmenopausal hormone-sensitive breast cancer because of better disease-free survival compared with tamoxifen seen in clinical trials with AIs. ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Mirza FS

更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The degree of hyperglycemia may be an important predictor of morbidity and mortality among patients with MI or stroke, and in those undergoing surgical procedures including coronary artery bypass. Hyperglycemia should be aggressively controlled from the time of hospital admission regardless of the patient's primary me...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Levetan CS,Magee MF

更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An approach to the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with osteoporosis is described. A system of classification of vertebral fractures is outlined, and the relative merits of different techniques for bone mineral density are discussed. The importance of identifying factors that accelerate bone loss is stressed. The ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Eastell R,Riggs BL

更新日期：1988-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T (TR) lymphocytes are essential to the maintenance of immunologic tolerance in the host. The discovery of Foxp3 as a transcription factor essential to the differentiation of TR ushered in detailed studies of the molecular mechanisms of TR cell development, peripheral homeostasis, and effector ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Chatila TA

更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent advances in the genetics of the family of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD) enzymes have helped in the understanding of the molecular basis and hormonal phenotype of bona fide 3 beta-HSD deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). This article revisits the clinical spectra of 3 beta-HSD defi...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Pang S

更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The development of vaccines is arguably the most significant achievement in medicine to date. The practice of innoculation with the fluid from a sore to protect from a disease actually dates back to ancient China; however, with the introduction of Jenner's smallpox vaccine, and greater understanding of the immune syst...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Urbanek-Ruiz I,Ruiz PJ,Steinman L,Fathman CG

更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00