Abstract：
:Bacteria predominantly exist as matrix embedded communities of cells called biofilms. The biofilm matrix is made up of a variety of self-produced extracellular components including DNA, proteins, and exopolysaccharides. Bacterial exopolysaccharides have been implicated in surface adhesion, resistance to antibiotics, and protection from host immune systems. Herein we review the structure and function of the proteins involved in the production of the Gram-negative synthase-dependent exopolysaccharides: alginate, poly-β(1,6)-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (PNAG), cellulose, and the Pel polysaccharide. We highlight the similarities and differences that exist at the molecular level in these synthase systems.
journal_name
Curr Opin Struct Bioljournal_title
Current opinion in structural biologyauthors
Low KE,Howell PLdoi
10.1016/j.sbi.2018.05.001subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-12-01 00:00:00pages
32-44eissn
0959-440Xissn
1879-033Xpii
S0959-440X(18)30037-Xjournal_volume
53pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:For many protein families, such as serine proteinases or serine proteinase inhibitors, the family assignment predicts reactivity only in general terms. Both detailed specificity and quantitative reactivity are lacking. We believe that, for many such protein families, algorithms can be devised by defining the subset of...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0959-440x(03)00013-7
更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Translation initiation in eukaryotes is a complex multistep process that requires the interplay of over a dozen protein factors together with the small ribosomal subunit (SSU) and the mRNA. During all these steps, the SSU serves as a platform for attachment, displacement and release of different molecules. In recent y...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2018.08.006
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Since user-friendly atomic force microscopes came onto the market a few years ago, scientists have explored the response of many proteins to applied force. This field has now matured beyond the phenomenological with exciting recent developments, particularly with regards to research into biological questions. For exam...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2007.01.006
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There has been fantastic progress in solving GPCR crystal structures. However, the ability of X-ray crystallography to guide the drug discovery process for GPCR targets is limited by the availability of accurate tools to explore receptor-ligand interactions. Visual inspection and molecular mechanics approaches cannot ...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2019.03.021
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Advances in electron microscopes, detectors and data processing algorithms have greatly facilitated the structural determination of many challenging integral membrane proteins that have been evasive to crystallization. These breakthroughs facilitate the application and development of various membrane protein solubiliz...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2019.05.022
更新日期：2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a group of diseases that affect glycoprotein biogenesis. Eighteen different types of CDG have been defined genetically. They result from deficiencies in either the biosynthesis of oligosaccharide precursors or specific steps of N-glycan assembly, resulting in the absence...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2005.08.010
更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The base pair stack within double helical DNA provides an effective medium for charge transport. The DNA pi-stack mediates oxidative DNA damage over long molecular distances in a reaction that is exquisitely sensitive to the sequence-dependent conformation and dynamics of DNA. A mixture of tunneling and hopping mechan...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-440x(02)00327-5
更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems, a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) assembles with multiple or single Cas proteins to form crRNA ribonucleoprotein (crRNP) effector complexes, responsible for the destruction of invading genetic elements. Although the mechanisms of target recognition and cleavage by the crRNP ef...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2016.11.013
更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent collection of high-resolution crystal structures of the 70S ribosome with mRNA and tRNA substrates enhances our knowledge of protein synthesis principles. A novel network of interactions between the ribosome in the elongation state and mRNA downstream from the A codon suggests that mRNA is stabilized and aligne...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2010.03.002
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Specific, noncovalent binding of biomolecules can only be understood by considering structural, thermodynamic, and kinetic issues. The theoretical foundations for such analyses have been clarified in the past year. Computational techniques for both particle-based and continuum models continue to improve and to yield u...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-440x(98)80046-8
更新日期：1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Salt-dependent electrostatic effects are a major factor in determining the stability, structure, reactivity, and binding behavior of nucleic acids. Increasingly detailed theoretical methods, especially those based on Monte Carlo and Poisson-Boltzmann methodologies, combined with powerful computational algorithms are b...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0959-440x(95)80093-x
更新日期：1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Gamma-tubulin is as ubiquitous in eukaryotes as alpha- and beta-tubulin. Rather than forming part of the microtubule wall, however, gamma-tubulin is involved in microtubule nucleation. Although gamma-tubulin concentrates at microtubule-organizing centers, it also exists in a cytoplasmic complex whose size and complexi...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/S0959-440X(99)80035-9
更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Molecular flexibility over a wide time range is of central importance to the function of many proteins, both soluble and membrane. Revealing the modes of flexibility, their amplitudes, and time scales under physiological conditions is the challenge for spectroscopic methods, one of which is site-directed spin labeling...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2013.06.008
更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Purification from a source enriched in large macromolecular machines with basic cellular function is still the method of choice in many cases. Such complexes occur in sufficiently high copy numbers in the cell and can be isolated using classical protein purification protocols. Although advanced DNA recombinant technol...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2013.01.005
更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The observed distribution of protein structures can give us important clues about the underlying evolutionary process, imposing important constraints on possible models. The availability of results from an increasing number of genome projects has made the development of these models an active area of research. Models ...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2008.01.006
更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Covalently circularized nanodiscs (cNDs) represent a significant advance in the durability and applicability of nanodisc technology. The new cNDs demonstrate higher size homogeneity and improved stability compared with that of non-circularized forms. Moreover, cNDs can be prepared at various defined sizes up to 80-nm ...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2018.03.014
更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Due to the contribution of drug-target binding kinetics to drug efficacy, there is a high level of interest in developing methods to predict drug-target binding kinetic parameters. During the review period, a wide range of enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulation-based methods has been developed for computing d...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2020.06.022
更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Computational methods play an important role at all stages of the process of determining protein-protein interactions. They are used to predict potential interactions, to validate the results of high-throughput interaction screens and to analyze the protein networks inferred from interaction databases. ...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-440x(03)00070-8
更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent studies have revealed a correlation between amino acid sequences around glycosylation sites in proteoglycans and the ability of cells to initiate and process glycosaminoglycan chains. Initiation depends on Ser-Gly/Ala dipeptides that have one or more acidic amino acids in close proximity. The formation of hepar...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-440x(96)80034-0
更新日期：1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Can a stereochemical recognition code explain sequence-specific protein-nucleic acid interactions? Whereas a code that is generally applicable to DNA-binding proteins of all known structural families is unattainable, the indications are that a code can describe at least some of the interactions of classical zinc finge...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-440x(97)80015-2
更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The structure of tubulin has recently been determined by electron crystallography, paving the way for a clearer understanding of the unique properties of tubulin that allow its varied functions within the cell. Some of the ongoing work on tubulin can be interpreted in terms of its structure, which can serve to guide f...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-440x(98)80099-7
更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:O-Glycosylation is an increasingly recognized modification of intracellular proteins in all kingdoms of life, and its occurrence in protists has been investigated to understand its evolution and its roles in the virulence of unicellular pathogens. We focus here on two kinds of glycoregulation found in unicellular euka...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2019.03.031
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The polyadenosine (poly(A)) tail found on the 3'-end of almost all eukaryotic mRNAs is important for mRNA stability and regulation of translation. mRNA 3'-end processing occurs co-transcriptionally and involves more than 20 proteins to specifically recognize the polyadenylation site, cleave the pre-mRNA, add a poly(A)...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2019.08.001
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intron splicing is a fundamental biological process whereby noncoding sequences are removed from precursor RNAs. Recent work has provided new insights into the structural features and reaction mechanisms of two introns that catalyze their own splicing from precursor RNA: the group I and II introns. In addition, there ...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2009.04.002
更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A network of dynamic protein interactions with their protein partners, substrates, and ligands is known to be crucial for biological function. Revealing molecular and structural-based mechanisms at atomic resolution and in real-time is fundamental for achieving a basic understanding of cellular processes. These techni...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2011.07.008
更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Telomerase is an RNP that synthesizes the 3' ends of linear chromosomes and is an important regulator of telomere length. It contains a single long non-coding telomerase RNA (TER), telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), and other proteins that vary among organisms. Recent progress in structural biology of telomerase...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2017.06.010
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Protein-protein interactions involving the catalytic domain of protein kinases are likely to be generally important in the regulation of signal transduction pathways, but are rather sparsely represented in crystal structures. Recently determined structures of the kinase domains of the mitogen-activated protein kinase ...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2006.10.007
更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The modulation of enzyme function is a key regulatory feature of biological systems. The ability to engineer synthetic enzymes that can be controlled by any arbitrary signal would enable a wide array of sensing applications and therapeutics and provide us with powerful tools for the basic study of biology. Here severa...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2009.04.007
更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Newly solved chaperone structures include the thermosome, a group II chaperonin, and a small heat-shock protein. Novel ideas on chaperone mechanism are presented in the forced unfolding hypothesis of GroEL action. Structures of chaperone-pilin complexes reveal the mechanism of chaperone interaction in bacterial pilus ...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-440x(00)00074-9
更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Allostery plays important roles in many biological processes. Although all non-fibrous proteins may be allosteric, currently only a limited number of allosteric proteins are known. How allosteric regulation depends on protein topology and what are the preferred folds in allosteric proteins need to be explored. Alloste...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2020.01.011
更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00
