Abstract：
:As companies, countries, and governments consider investments in vaccine production for routine immunization and outbreak response, understanding the complexity and cost drivers associated with vaccine production will help to inform business decisions. Leading multinational corporations have good understanding of the complex manufacturing processes, high technological and R&D barriers to entry, and the costs associated with vaccine production. However, decision makers in developing countries, donors and investors may not be aware of the factors that continue to limit the number of new manufacturers and have caused attrition and consolidation among existing manufacturers. This paper describes the processes and cost drivers in acquiring and maintaining licensure of childhood vaccines. In addition, when export is the goal, we describe the requirements to supply those vaccines at affordable prices to low-resource markets, including the process of World Health Organization (WHO) prequalification and supporting policy recommendation. By providing a generalized and consolidated view of these requirements we seek to build awareness in the global community of the benefits and costs associated with vaccine manufacturing and the challenges associated with maintaining consistent supply. We show that while vaccine manufacture may prima facie seem an economic growth opportunity, the complexity and high fixed costs of vaccine manufacturing limit potential profit. Further, for most lower and middle income countries a large majority of the equipment, personnel and consumables will need to be imported for years, further limiting benefits to the local economy.
journal_name
Vaccinejournal_title
Vaccineauthors
Plotkin S,Robinson JM,Cunningham G,Iqbal R,Larsen Sdoi
10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.003subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-07-24 00:00:00pages
4064-4071issue
33eissn
0264-410Xissn
1873-2518pii
S0264-410X(17)30770-3journal_volume
35pub_type
杂志文章,评审相关文献
VACCINE文献大全abstract：:A multi-centre, randomised, double-blinded, active-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial was carried out to assess the immunogenicity and safety of NBP608-a newly developed live-attenuated zoster vaccine in Korea-relative to Zostavax® in healthy adults aged 50 years or older. Immune responses to the vaccine were e...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.046
更新日期：2019-06-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Household surveys are frequently used as means of vaccination coverage measurement, but obtaining accurate survey estimates present several challenges. In 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) released a working draft of its updated Vaccination Coverage Survey Reference Manual that moved well beyond the traditiona...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type：
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.019
更新日期：2018-08-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Life has its problems. To succeed it has to survive: to survive it has to sacrifice its identity. And viruses have their fingers in the essence of it all. Consider the situation. There are useful genes. Such genes promote the survival of the individuals which house them. It is not unreasonable, therefore, to expect th...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 社论
doi：10.1016/0264-410x(91)90002-n
更新日期：1991-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ebola virus (EBOV) is among the deadliest pathogens known to man causing infrequent outbreaks of hemorrhagic disease. In humans, the case fatality rates in the outbreaks can reach 90%. During the West African epidemic almost 30,000 people were infected and of these over 11,000 fatalities were reported. Currently, we a...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.035
更新日期：2019-11-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Duck Tembusu virus (TMUV) is an emerging pathogenic flavivirus that causes severe egg-drop and fatal encephalitis in domestic ducks and geese. Although a live-attenuated virus vaccine is effective for disease control, the stability of the attenuation has not been clearly evaluated due to a poor understanding of the at...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.080
更新日期：2020-01-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Protective mechanisms underlying the responses to mucosal vaccination are not yet clearly defined. Using the natural mouse pneumovirus pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), we explore responses of wild type and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) receptor gene-deleted mice to virulent challenge after mucosal vaccination wi...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.081
更新日期：2007-01-22 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Streptococcus pneumoniae is a capsulated bacterium that can cause severe infection in patients with thalassemia major, particularly those who have undergone splenectomy. The absence of the spleen as well as zinc deficiency in splenectomized patients with thalassemia major increases the possibility of devel...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.011
更新日期：2017-08-16 00:00:00
abstract：:The World Health Organization's Expanded Programme on Immunization has led to a dramatic rise in worldwide vaccination rates over the past 40years, yet 19.4 million infants remain underimmunized each year. Many of these infants have received at least one vaccine dose but may remain unprotected because they did not rec...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.094
更新日期：2018-05-24 00:00:00
abstract：:The HIV epidemic in the south Indian state of Karnataka disproportionately burdens key populations of men who have sex with men and female sex workers. Despite having successfully reduced HIV incidence among certain key populations through the use of targeted intervention, India's HIV epidemic remains one of its great...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.009
更新日期：2015-01-29 00:00:00
abstract：:B. pseudomallei is the cause of melioidosis, a serious an often fatal disease of humans and animals. The closely related bacterium B. mallei, which cases glanders, is considered to be a clonal derivative of B. pseudomallei. Both B. pseudomallei and B. mallei were evaluated by the United States and the former USSR as p...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.022
更新日期：2017-10-20 00:00:00
abstract：:Optimal protection against malaria may require induction of high levels of protective antibody and CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses. In humans, malaria DNA vaccines elicit CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and IFNgamma responses as measured by short-term (ex vivo) ELISPOT assays, and recombinant proteins elicit antibod...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.01.031
更新日期：2004-04-16 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:High incidence and serotype diversity of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Indigenous children in remote Australia led to rapid introduction of 7-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (7vPCV) at 2, 4 and 6 months in 2001, followed by 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (23vPPV) in the second y...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.089
更新日期：2015-11-27 00:00:00
abstract：:Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a severe disease of chickens and turkeys caused by some strains of Clostridium perfringens type A. The disease is well controlled by the use of in-feed antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). However, due to worldwide public and regulatory pressure to reduce the use of AGPs inter alia, there is ...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.030
更新日期：2017-12-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Addressing inequities in immunisation must be the main priority for the Decade of Vaccines. Children who remain unreached are those who need vaccination - and other health services - most. Reaching these children and other underserved target groups will require a reorientation of current approaches and resource alloca...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.088
更新日期：2013-04-18 00:00:00
abstract：:Two rotavirus vaccines have been available since 2006. This study evaluates the effectiveness of these vaccines using a test-negative case-control design in Navarre, Spain. We included children 3-59 months of age who sought medical care for gastroenteritis and for whom stool samples were taken between January 2008 and...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.071
更新日期：2012-01-11 00:00:00
abstract：:WHO is now celebrating more than 30 years of freedom from smallpox. What was originally seen as a victory over an ancient scourge can now be viewed as an epidemiologically driven programme to overcome governmental inertia and under-achievement in delivering an off-patent vaccine. Though efforts are accelerating global...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 社论
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.006
更新日期：2010-01-22 00:00:00
abstract：:The avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs) belong to the genus Avulavirus of family Paramyxoviridae. The APMVs are classified into nine serotypes on the basis of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neuraminidase inhibition (NI) assays, although some serologic cross-reaction exists. Newcastle disease virus (NDV), which constit...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.090
更新日期：2012-03-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Small fusions to the N-terminal end of the host-protective antigen (VP2) of infectious bursal disease virus lead to stable expression of VP2 in Escherichia coli and yeast, and reduce the levels of inclusion body formation in E. coli in comparison to VP2 constructs with larger N-terminal fusions. VP2 produced with smal...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0264-410x(91)90286-f
更新日期：1991-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antibodies specific for Vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccaride (LPS) are common in humans recovering from cholera, and constitute a primary component of the vibriocidal response, a serum complement-mediated bacteriocidal response correlated with protection against cholera. In order to determine whether transcutaneous immun...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.040
更新日期：2009-08-06 00:00:00
abstract：:We show here that the immunogenicity of the Modified Vaccinia Ankara MVA vaccine strain can be improved by deletion of the A35 gene, without diminishing the ability of the virus to replicate. Deletion of the A35 gene resulted in increased virus-specific immunoglobulin production, class switching to IgG isotypes, and v...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.023
更新日期：2011-04-12 00:00:00
abstract：:A passive immunity test (MPT) in suckling mice for the quantification of protective anti-foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) antibodies in serum is described. Comparisons with titres obtained using conventional serum neutralization tests show that for cattle given synthetic peptide vaccines this in vivo assay is a bet...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0264-410x(91)90311-s
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Surveillance of adverse events in the field represents an essential part of vaccination strategies. Safety studies conducted before vaccine licensure have often not enough power to detect rare or long-term adverse events. Furthermore, adverse events may be caused by incorrect procedures of storage or administration. C...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.01.013
更新日期：2004-05-07 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To compare the economic impact of high-dose trivalent (HD) versus standard-dose trivalent (SD) influenza vaccination on direct medical costs for cardio-respiratory hospitalizations in adults aged 65 years or older enrolled in the United States (US) Veteran's Health Administration (VHA). METHODS:Leveraging a ...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.066
更新日期：2019-07-26 00:00:00
abstract：:Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious vesicular disease that affects domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals worldwide. Recently, a series of outbreaks of type A FMDV occurred in Southeast Asian countries, China, the Russia Federation, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and South Korea. The FMD virus (A/GDMM/CHA/2013)...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.055
更新日期：2015-10-26 00:00:00
abstract：:A vaccine against the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is being developed as an immunological method for treatment of prostatic hypertrophy, based on the observation that active immunization against GnRH leads to the production of anti-GnRH antibodies which results in the shrinkage of the prostate gland. We have...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0264-410x(93)90077-b
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:One of the most concerning public health issues, related to vaccination and disease prevention, is the inability to induce durable immune responses following a single-dose immunization. In this regard, the nature of the inflammatory environment induced by vaccine adjuvants can negatively impact the resulting...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.004
更新日期：2019-05-06 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of beta-propiolactone (BPL), an alkylating and virus inactivating agent, on the structural and in vitro biological properties of different DNA preparations from BHK-21 cells were investigated. Both uninfected and rabies virus-infected cells were used. Purified cellular DNA (celDNA) was used as the referenc...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0264-410x(93)90343-v
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) occurs in 5-30% of individuals with herpes zoster (HZ) and is characterized by long-lasting pain. Zoster vaccine live (ZVL) is licensed for people 50 years and older to prevent HZ and PHN. This study evaluated vaccine effectiveness (VE) of ZVL against PHN. METHODS:We conducted a...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.004
更新日期：2019-08-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, the primary pathogen of enzootic pneumonia, occurs worldwide and causes major economic losses to the pig industry. M. hyopneumoniae infects pigs at mucosal surfaces of respiratory tract. The aim of the present study was to investigate if the protection rate against M. hyopneumoniae infection ...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.028
更新日期：2012-03-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Flagellin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important vaccine candidate. N-terminal domains are highly conserved in both type a and type b flagellins. The efficacy of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) conjugated to N-terminal domains of P. aeruginosa flagellin (flagellin(1-161)), as an immunogen in mice, has been assessed. The...
journal_title：Vaccine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.041
更新日期：2016-03-14 00:00:00
