Abstract：
:Communication in the central nervous system (CNS) occurs through initiation and propagation of action potentials at excitable domains along axons. Action potentials generated at the axon initial segment (AIS) are regenerated at nodes of Ranvier through the process of saltatory conduction. Proper formation and maintenance of the molecular structure at the AIS and nodes are required for sustaining conduction fidelity. In myelinated CNS axons, paranodal junctions between the axolemma and myelinating oligodendrocytes delineate nodes of Ranvier and regulate the distribution and localization of specialized functional elements, such as voltage-gated sodium channels and mitochondria. Disruption of excitable domains and altered distribution of functional elements in CNS axons is associated with demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, and is likely a mechanism common to other neurological disorders. This review will provide a brief overview of the molecular structure of the AIS and nodes of Ranvier, as well as the distribution of mitochondria in myelinated axons. In addition, this review highlights important structural and functional changes within myelinated CNS axons that are associated with neurological dysfunction.
journal_name
Neurosci Resjournal_title
Neuroscience researchauthors
Griggs RB,Yermakov LM,Susuki Kdoi
10.1016/j.neures.2016.09.010subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-03-01 00:00:00pages
77-87eissn
0168-0102issn
1872-8111pii
S0168-0102(16)30172-9journal_volume
116pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Disturbed circadian rhythmicity is associated with human diseases such as sleep and mood disorders. However, study of human endogenous circadian rhythm is laborious and time-consuming, which hampers the elucidation of diseases. It has been reported that peripheral tissues exhibit circadian rhythmicity as the suprachia...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2009.10.007
更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Responses from 2-4 muscle spindle afferents from triceps surae and/or posterior biceps and semitendinosus muscles were simultaneously recorded in cats anaesthetized with alpha-chloralose. It was demonstrated that stretch of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the ipsilateral knee causes changes in dynamic and/or s...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0168-0102(90)90057-l
更新日期：1990-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rhotekin, an effector of Rho, is highly expressed in the brain but its function(s) in neurons is almost unknown. In an attempt to define the properties of Rhotekin in neuronal cells, we focused on its interaction with polarity-related molecules. In the present study, we identified a PDZ protein, Lin-7B, as a binding p...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2006.08.003
更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor 2B gene (GRIN2B) was studied as a candidate gene of alcoholism. This study aimed to investigate the association between each of the three GRIN2B polymorphisms (rs1806201, rs1805247, and rs1805502) and alcoholism. This study included 206 alcoholic patients and 189 unrelated cont...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2006.06.013
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It has previously been shown that when a target is moved, cats can change the direction of ongoing target-reaching with brief latency suggesting a tectal relay. Switching of target-reaching has now been investigated after spinal lesions: (1) dorsally in C5 interrupting cortico- (CS) and rubrospinal (RS) fibres to fore...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0168-0102(87)90023-x
更新日期：1987-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chemokines are a family of peptides originally identified as the factors regulating the migration of leukocytes in inflammatory and immune responses. Recently, they have been shown to be produced in the central and peripheral nervous systems under various pathological conditions and act on neuronal and glial cells. In...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2004.01.004
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The contribution of intrinsic balance control factors to fall mechanisms has received little investigation in studies on occupational accidents. The aim of this study was to assess whether postural regulation in falling workers might have specificities in terms of sensorimotor strategies and neuromuscular responses to...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2003.11.001
更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The chemical properties of probes that improve amyloid detection by non-invasive (19)F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are of interest. We synthesized benzoxazole compounds with trifluoromethoxy groups, and found that these compounds displayed sharp (19)F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals in an assay buffer. H...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2008.10.006
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study investigated the effect of nicotine exposure on gustatory plasticity in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The chemotactic response of wild-type N2 nematodes pre-exposed to 100mM NaCl with 3.0mM nicotine was almost the same as that of mock-conditioned nematodes unexposed to NaCl; however, the respo...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2013.09.001
更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sizes of neuronal somata in the cat cervical dorsal root ganglia were determined at different levels (C1-C8). The average value and class distribution of mean cell diameter were analyzed. The ganglia from C1 to C5 could be clearly distinguished from those at levels of brachial plexus afferents (C6-C8) with respect to ...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0168-0102(90)90009-4
更新日期：1990-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Using techniques of combining intracellular recording and intracellular staining with biocytin, 19 neurons have been sampled within or close to the CA1 pyramidal cell layer in hippocampal slices of the rat. All of these cells were physiologically characterized as non-pyramidal or interneurons based on their action pot...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0168-0102(96)01024-3
更新日期：1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Resveratrol shows ability to eliminate prion replication, but the exact mechanism for prion eradication was not clear yet. Our previous studies demonstrate a downregulation of brain-derived nerve growth factor (BDNF) during prion infection, meanwhile recovery of cerebral nerve growth factor (NGF) level by resveratrol ...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2019.12.019
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Excitatory synaptic transmission from two input systems to hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons was investigated by the whole-cell patch-clamp technique for thin slice preparation, with special reference to long-term potentiation (LTP) in these systems. Excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) evoked by fimbrial stimulat...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0168-0102(91)90070-f
更新日期：1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The 14-3-3 protein family consists of evolutionarily conserved, acidic 30 kDa proteins composed of seven isoforms named beta, gamma, epsilon, zeta, eta, theta, and sigma in mammalian cells. The dimeric complex of 14-3-3 isoforms, acting as a molecular adaptor, plays a central role in regulation of neuronal function. S...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2008.03.007
更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:NAP-22, a neuronal tissue-enriched acidic membrane protein, is a Ca(2+)-dependent calmodulin binding protein and has similar biochemical characteristics to GAP-43 (neuromodulin). Recent biochemical studies have demonstrated that NAP-22 localizes in the membrane raft domain with a cholesterol-dependent manner. Since th...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0168-0102(00)00132-2
更新日期：2000-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Temporal changes in kainate-induced seizure activity and hippocampal NO generation were evaluated simultaneously in conscious rats by using in vivo microdialysis and by determining the concentrations of nitrite and nitrate in perfusates. Intraperitoneal injection of kainic acid produced 'wet dog shake', focal seizure ...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0168-0102(98)00086-8
更新日期：1998-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The rostro-caudal distribution of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in the hypothalamus of neonatally estrogenized (10 micrograms EB for 1-5 days), sterile female rats was compared with that of cycling rats at 50, 100 and 240 days of age. Serial slices of 400 microns in thickness in total were cut from a hy...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0168-0102(91)90004-i
更新日期：1991-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A disynaptic projection from the spinal cord to the striatum was observed in the rat light and electron microscopically. An anterograde tracer, wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase was injected into the ventral gray matter of the upper cervical spinal cord, and a retrograde tracer, biotinylated d...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2006.05.009
更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Adult mammals could spontaneously achieve a partial sensory-motor recovery after spinal cord injury, by mechanisms including synaptic plasticity. We previously showed that this recovery is associated to the expression of synapsin-I, and that sonic hedgehog and Notch-1 could be also involved in plasticity. The role of ...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2012.04.010
更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:How the nervous system controls the sensation and memory of information from the environment is an essential question. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful model for elucidating neural information processing that mediates sensation and memory. The entire nervous system of C. elegans consists of only 302 neu...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2013.03.008
更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Because a potential treatment for brain injuries could be elevating magnesium ions (Mg(2+)) intracerebrally, we characterized the effects of elevating external Mg(2+) in cultures of neonatal murine brain-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs). Using a crystal violet assay, which avoids interference of Mg(2+) in t...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2014.05.001
更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients tend to have increased plasma levels of homocysteine. However, it is unclear whether abnormality in homocysteine levels is a primary cause of Alzheimer's disease or a disease marker. In order to investigate the relative impact of Alzheimer's disease on plasma homocysteine levels, tota...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2005.09.001
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dopamine is a major neurotransmitter in the carotid body of several animal species and its functional role at the level of peripheral arterial chemoreflex pathway is attributed to the presence of the dopamine D2-receptors. We present evidence that the dopamine D1-receptor mRNA is also expressed in the carotid body of ...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0168-0102(98)00033-9
更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to investigate the differences between children and adults in recognizing facial expressions of simple line drawings of "Chernoff's face". First, the angles of the eyebrows and mouth of Chernoff's face were changed in a stepwise way with a personal computer, and the emotional response of the ...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2007.10.009
更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Our previous research suggested that the P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) expression in microglia was involved in the activation of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) in the dorsal horn in the rat model of cancer induced bone pain (CIBP). In this study, we focused on whether TLR4- mitogen-activated protein kinases, p38 (p38 MAPK) contr...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2017.06.006
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and an electron microscope, we investigated the organization of the main olfactory bulb (MOB) of tenrecs, which were previously included into insectivores but now considered to be in a new order "Afrosoricida" in the superclade 'Afrotheria'. We confirmed that the overa...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2005.08.004
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+)), an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I, has been widely used as a neurotoxin because it elicits a severe Parkinson's disease-like syndrome with elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and apoptotic death. Salvianic acid A (SA), isolated from the Chinese...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2004.10.001
更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Single units of the adrenal sympathetic nerve (n = 46) were dissected and characterized with respect to tonic discharge and response to cutaneous and baroreceptor stimulation. The frequency of tonic discharge averaged 1.6 Hz and cardiovascular rhythmic modulation was observed in 53% of the units. The stimuli employed ...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0168-0102(84)80008-5
更新日期：1984-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recently, we have found novel mammalian tachykinins, neurokinin alpha and beta isolated from porcine spinal cord, whose chemical structures are similar to those of substance P or kassinin. In the present study, we describe a specific assay system for neurokinin alpha and beta by combining HPLC and radioimmunoassay. We...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0168-0102(84)90009-9
更新日期：1984-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Whole-cell recordings were performed to examine the morphological properties of electrophysiologically classified area postrema (AP) neurons in rat brain slices. Using electrophysiological criteria, AP neurons were subdivided into three groups: (1) cells displaying both the hyperpolarization-activated cation current (...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2005.10.005
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
