Abstract:
:Knowledge of the acute toxic effects of chemicals is important for the protection of exposed humans. Since sufficient information in humans is often lacking, experiments on laboratory animals must be performed. The LD50 test, which requires large numbers of animals, has become the preferred procedure. It is now widely criticized on scientific and ethical grounds. This paper reviews the possibilities of using fewer animals to obtain relevant information on the acute hazards of chemical substances, but it also identifies the reasons why the traditional testing approaches cannot be changed immediately. An important problem is the practice of basing legal decisions on classification of chemicals in official lists of hazardous substances and for labeling purposes on LD50 values. Proposals are presented on how pain and suffering of the animals included in acute toxicity tests can be reduced. The use of in vitro systems for the evaluation of the hazardous properties of chemicals is discussed.
journal_name
Cell Biol Toxicoljournal_title
Cell biology and toxicologyauthors
Zbinden Gdoi
10.1007/BF00121848subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1986-09-01 00:00:00pages
325-35issue
3eissn
0742-2091issn
1573-6822journal_volume
2pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::S-(chloroethyl)-cysteine (CEC) and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-cysteine (DCVC) have been proposed as intermediates in the metabolic transformation of the carcinogens 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,1,2-trichloroethylene. We have tested the ability of CEC and DCVC to induce DNA repair and genotoxic effects at the chromosomal level ...
journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00117768
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abstract::Inhibition of endosomal acidification disturbs insulin signaling in both liver and adipose cells. In this study we used MIN6 beta cells to determine whether bafilomycin, a potent inhibitor of the proton-translocating vacuolar ATPase, disrupts insulin signaling in islet beta cells. Pretreatment of MIN6 cells with varyi...
journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10565-006-0054-8
更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Autophagy is a conserved lysosomal degradation process, and abnormal autophagy has been associated with various pathological processes, e.g., neurodegeneration, cancer, and pathogen infection. Small chemical modulators of autophagy show the potential to treat autophagy-associated diseases. Diterpenoids, nature product...
journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10565-021-09580-6
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abstract::Oxidative cell injury could be induced by different reactive oxygen species (ROS) operating in multiple pathways. The present work is focused on three different models of oxidative stress: the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system (XXO), an extracellular superoxide anion generator; tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP), an analog...
journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10565-009-9120-3
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1023/a:1007478823798
更新日期:1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cholestatic liver injury, a group of diseases characterized with dysregulated bile acid (BA) homeostasis, was partly resulted from BA circulation disorders, which is commonly associated with the damage of hepatocyte barrier function. However, the underlying hepatocyte barrier-protective molecular mechanisms of cholest...
journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10565-020-09567-9
更新日期:2021-01-05 00:00:00
abstract::The lethal toxin of Bacillus anthracis, which is composed of two separate proteinaceous exotoxins, namely protective antigen and lethal factor, is central to the pathogenesis of anthrax. Low levels of this toxin are known to induce release of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). In the present st...
journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1023/a:1007606921569
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We explored if epigenetic mechanisms could be involved in the down-regulated expression of catalase gene (CAT) in the doxorubicin-resistant acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)-2/DX100 cells. Down-regulated CAT expression in AML-2/DX100 cells was completely recovered after treatment of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and his...
journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10565-011-9201-y
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Quinones are widely distributed in the environment, both as natural products and as pollutants. This paper reports that one of the simplest quinones, 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione), effectively inhibited apoptosis in the presence of UVA. Menadione suppressed the apoptosis induced by serum depletion and cell d...
journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10565-006-0089-x
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The use of normal adult liver hepatocytes in cell culture for biochemical, toxicological and pharmacological studies has been greatly limited owing to the loss of replicative capacity and differentiated liver function. This is contrary to the ability of the liver to regenerate following injury in vivo. This suggests t...
journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00754467
更新日期:1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::A tissue system in which fibroblasts and myocytes from chick embryonic hearts were separately maintained was used to study the toxicity of ethanol. To reproduce the teratogenic effects of acute, high concentrations of ethanol typical of "binge" drinking, an open tissue culture system was employed. With open cultures, ...
journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00119291
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), T-2 toxin (T2), fumonisin B1 (FB1), zearalenone (ZEA), and moniliformin (MON) mycotoxins are common food and feed contaminants produced by Fusarium spp. However, while they are usually found to co-occur in a large range of commodities, only few data are available on mycotoxin co-...
journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10565-017-9408-7
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In order to clarify the protective mechanism of sodium molybdate against the acute toxicity of cadmium chloride in rat, the effect of in vivo sodium molybdate pretreatment on the cytotoxic action of cadmium in isolated hepatocytes was studied. The cytosolic pH of hepatocytes isolated from untreated rats immediately de...
journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00124071
更新日期:1991-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) was produced by toxic cyanobacteria, which has been shown to have potent hepatotoxicity. Our previous study has proved that MC-LR were able to promote intrahepatic biliary epithelial cell excessive proliferation. However, the underlying mechanism is not yet entirely clarified. Here...
journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10565-020-09575-9
更新日期:2021-01-21 00:00:00
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journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00135029
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10565-004-3859-3
更新日期:2004-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10565-008-9066-x
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human tumor cells have properties in vitro or in surrogate hosts that are distinct from those of normal cells, such as immortality, anchorage independence, and tumor formation in nude mice. However, different cells from individual tumors may exhibit some, but not all of these features. In previous years, human tumor c...
journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1023/a:1007419810705
更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10565-007-9018-x
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00135024
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In a comprehensive assessment of genotoxicity, sodium fluoride was evaluated in a battery of cellular tests providing different genetic end points and biotransformation capabilities. The tests included the following: rat hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair assay, Salmonella typhimurium histidine locus reversion assa...
journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00119244
更新日期:1988-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10565-013-9246-1
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00117851
更新日期:1986-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lung cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Actinidia chinensis Planch root extract (acRoots) was found to have the capacity of the anti-tumor, although the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which lung cancer cells sense to inhibito...
journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10565-018-9422-4
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Metolachlor, a commonly used herbicide in the Midwestern USA, functions by inhibiting chlorophyll and protein synthesis in target plants. Herbicide exposure has led to detrimental effects in several organisms, affecting their growth and behavior; however, its mechanism of action in nontarget organisms is not yet clear...
journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10565-013-9256-z
更新日期:2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have previously synthesized various diazenecarboxamides (subsequently referred to as diazenes) that were cytotoxic to several tumor cell lines. To increase their biological activity, the structure has been modified appropriately. In the present study we examined the effects of N(1)-phenyl-N(2)-(2-pyridinylmethyl)di...
journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10565-006-0023-2
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aldehyde dehydrogenase was measured in primary cultures of hepatocytes obtained with a two-step collagenase perfusion either from human hepatic tissue or from livers of Fisher rats. Basal enzyme activity declines gradually as a function of time in culture, but remains at all times higher when measured with propionalde...
journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00122694
更新日期:1986-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) can activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in many types of cells. The mechanism of this activation is not well elucidated. Here, we explore the role of TGF-beta/Smads signaling compounds in TGF-beta1-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase ...
journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10565-006-0097-x
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10565-018-09449-1
更新日期:2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of the oxidizing agent t-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP) were investigated on three human cell lines of different origin and growth features (A431 epithelial cells, ADF astrocytoma cells and U937 leukemic cells) using electron microscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results indicate tha...
journal_title:Cell biology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00756761
更新日期:1994-08-01 00:00:00