Abstract:
:Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephants serve as important keystone, umbrella and flagship species. Despite that, population numbers are declining, due mainly to poaching and habitat destruction. Understanding reproductive mechanisms is vital to effective management, particularly insurance populations in captivity, and to that end, long-term biological databases are key to understanding how intrinsic and extrinsic factors affect reproductive function at individual and population levels. Through decades of hormonal and ultrasonographic monitoring, many unique aspects of zoo elephant reproduction have been identified, including differences in luteal steroidogenic activity, follicular maturation, pituitary gonadotropin secretion, fetal development and reproductive tract anatomy. Reproductive problems also hamper captive propagation efforts, particularly those related to abnormal or lack of ovarian cyclicity. Recent large-scale, multi-institutional studies and use of epidemiological approaches have identified factors important for good welfare and reproduction, which include enrichment, feeding diversity, good elephant-keeper relations, social compatibility, exercise, and not being obese. There are notable differences in reproductive mechanisms between Asian and African elephants, as well as the factors that influence reproduction and welfare, suggesting species-targeted management approaches are needed to maximize fitness. In the first edition, we discussed reproductive function in male and female elephants. Since then, a number of significant advances have been made primarily in female elephants, which will be the focus of this updated review.
journal_name
Adv Exp Med Bioljournal_title
Advances in experimental medicine and biologyauthors
Brown JLdoi
10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_9subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-01-01 00:00:00pages
243-273eissn
0065-2598issn
2214-8019journal_volume
1200pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Genotoxic chemicals are known to react with DNA either directly or after metabolic activation to form adducts, a step thought to be relevant with respect to chemical carcinogenesis. Evaluation of cancer risk due to exposure to chemicals requires information about the internal dose which depends on individual variation...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3230-6_20
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abstract::In summary, NO is capable of decreasing mitochondrial respiration in a variety of mammalian tissues. This effect is mediated primarily via binding of NO to the O2 binding site of cytochrome oxidase. This highly sensitive interaction presumably reflects a remnant homology between cytochrome oxidase and bacterial nitrat...
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1828-4_56
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42059-2_9
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abstract::Exosomes are 60 to 90 nm membrane vesicles originating from late endosomes and secreted from most hematopoietic and epithelial cells in vitro. B cell derived-exosome antigenicity was first reported in 1996 in MHC class II restricted CD4+ T lymphocytes. In 1998, we reported that dendritic cell derived-exosomes are immu...
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pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
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journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
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journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
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