Abstract：
:Bacterial CRISPR-Cas systems employ RNA-guided nucleases to destroy phage (viral) DNA. Phages, in turn, have evolved diverse "anti-CRISPR" proteins (Acrs) to counteract acquired immunity. In Listeria monocytogenes, prophages encode two to three distinct anti-Cas9 proteins, with acrIIA1 always present. However, the significance of AcrIIA1's pervasiveness and its mechanism are unknown. Here, we report that AcrIIA1 binds with high affinity to Cas9 via the catalytic HNH domain. During lysogeny in Listeria, AcrIIA1 triggers Cas9 degradation. During lytic infection, however, AcrIIA1 fails to block Cas9 due to its multi-step inactivation mechanism. Thus, phages encode an additional Acr that rapidly binds and inactivates Cas9. AcrIIA1 also uniquely inhibits a highly diverged Cas9 found in Listeria (similar to SauCas9) and Type II-C Cas9s, likely due to Cas9 HNH domain conservation. In summary, Listeria phages inactivate Cas9 in lytic growth using variable, narrow-spectrum inhibitors, while the broad-spectrum AcrIIA1 stimulates Cas9 degradation for protection of the lysogenic genome.
journal_name
Cell Host Microbejournal_title
Cell host & microbeauthors
Osuna BA,Karambelkar S,Mahendra C,Christie KA,Garcia B,Davidson AR,Kleinstiver BP,Kilcher S,Bondy-Denomy Jdoi
10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.001subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-07-08 00:00:00pages
31-40.e9issue
1eissn
1931-3128issn
1934-6069pii
S1931-3128(20)30190-6journal_volume
28pub_type
评论,杂志文章abstract：:Studying the microbial composition of internal organs and their associations with disease remains challenging due to the difficulty of acquiring clinical biopsies. We designed a statistical model to analyze the prevalence of species across sample types from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), revealing that species equipr...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2020.12.001
更新日期：2020-12-21 00:00:00
abstract：:The intracellular microbial nucleic acid sensors, TLR3 and STING, recognize pathogen molecules and signal to activate the interferon pathway. The TIR-domain containing protein TRIF is the sole adaptor of TLR3. Here, we report an essential role for TRIF in STING signaling: various activators of STING could not induce g...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2016.08.002
更新日期：2016-09-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Metabolic coupling of intracellular pathogens with host cells is essential for successful colonization of the host. Establishment of intracellular infection by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi leads to the development of human Chagas' disease, yet the functional contributions of the host cell toward the infection proce...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2012.11.011
更新日期：2013-01-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies described by Eisele et al. (2013) and Xavier et al. (2013) in this issue of Cell Host & Microbe show that the bacterial pathogens Salmonella and Brucella exploit the increased levels of glucose present in alternatively activated macrophages to sustain chronic infections in experimentally infected mice. ...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2013.07.016
更新日期：2013-08-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Microbial patterns are recognized by cell-surface receptors to initiate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in plants. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs), such as BIK1, and calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) are engaged during PTI to activate the NADPH oxidase RBOHD for reactive oxygen species (ROS) producti...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2018.08.007
更新日期：2018-09-12 00:00:00
abstract：:In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Walton et al. (2018) uncover the mycobacterial factors that activate VEGF signaling and promote aberrant angiogenesis in the tuberculous granuloma. Preventing abnormal angiogenesis in the granuloma represents a potential therapeutic approach for tuberculosis. ...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2018.09.016
更新日期：2018-10-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Host nitric oxide (NO⋅) production is important for controlling intracellular bacterial pathogens, including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. S. Typhmurium 14028s is prototrophic for all amino acids but cannot synthesize methionine (M) or lysine (K) du...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2011.06.004
更新日期：2011-07-21 00:00:00
abstract：:In 2014, an outbreak of avian A/H10N7 influenza virus occurred among seals along North-European coastal waters, significantly impacting seal populations. Here, we examine the cross-species transmission and mammalian adaptation of this influenza A virus, revealing changes in the hemagglutinin surface protein that incre...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2020.08.011
更新日期：2020-10-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Cryopyrin (CIAS1, NLRP3) and ASC are components of the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex required for caspase-1 activation and cytokine IL-1beta production. CIAS1 mutations underlie autoinflammation characterized by excessive IL-1beta secretion. Disease-associated cryopyrin also causes a program of necrosis-like ce...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2007.07.009
更新日期：2007-09-13 00:00:00
abstract：:In response to virus infection, cells can alter protein expression to modify cellular functions and limit viral replication. To examine host protein expression during infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), an enveloped DNA virus, we performed a semiquantitative, temporal analysis of the cell surface proteome in ...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2012.05.012
更新日期：2012-07-19 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent studies have revealed remarkable species specificity of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR11 and TLR12 and the immunity-related GTPase (IRG) proteins that are essential elements for detection and immune control of Toxoplasma gondii in mice, but not in humans. The biological and evolutionary implications of thes...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2014.01.004
更新日期：2014-02-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) destroys intestinal microvilli and suppresses phagocytosis by injecting effectors into infected cells through a type III secretion system (TTSS). EspB, a component of the TTSS, is also injected into the cytoplasm of host cells. However, the physiological functions of EspB withi...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2007.09.012
更新日期：2007-12-13 00:00:00
abstract：:Modification of the intestinal microbiome is an emerging target to improve health and prevent or treat a number of diseases. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Maldonado-Gómez et al. (2016) uncover the basic principles that govern the successful establishment and persistence of an exogenously introduced gut bacteri...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2016.09.012
更新日期：2016-10-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Viruses have evolved a remarkable array of strategies to escape the host's innate immune responses. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Zhao et al. (2016b) reveal a viral strategy to inactivate RIG-I signaling that relies on deamidation of RIG-I. ...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2016.11.011
更新日期：2016-12-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Although anthrax toxin was identified as a major Bacillus anthracis virulence factor over 50 years ago, defining the physiologically relevant targets has been challenging. Liu et al. demonstrate that intoxication of myeloid-derived cells contributes to establishing infection but is not required for mortality resulting...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2010.10.011
更新日期：2010-11-18 00:00:00
abstract：:Herpesviruses subvert immune cell activation by inhibiting NK cell receptor (NKG2D)-activating ligands such as MICB. A human cytomegalovirus microRNA was recently shown to repress MICB expression. Nachmani et al. (2009) extend this finding to two other human herpesviruses, providing evidence for a conserved functional...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2009.03.009
更新日期：2009-04-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Enteric pathogens must overcome intestinal defenses to establish infection. In Drosophila, the ERK signaling pathway inhibits enteric virus infection. The intestinal microflora also impacts immunity but its role in enteric viral infection is unknown. Here we show that two signals are required to activate antiviral ERK...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2015.10.010
更新日期：2015-11-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Surface-associated TRAP (thrombospondin-related anonymous protein) family proteins are conserved across the phylum of apicomplexan parasites. TRAP proteins are thought to play an integral role in parasite motility and cell invasion by linking the extracellular environment with the parasite submembrane actomyosin motor...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2016.10.015
更新日期：2016-11-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Defensins are naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides that disrupt bacterial membranes and prevent bacterial invasion of the host. Emerging studies indicate that certain defensins also block virus infection; however, the mechanism(s) involved are poorly understood. We demonstrate that human alpha-defensins inhibit ...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2007.12.001
更新日期：2008-01-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Small open reading frames (smORFs) and their encoded microproteins play central roles in microbes. However, there is a vast unexplored space of smORFs within human-associated microbes. A recent bioinformatic analysis used evolutionary conservation signals to enhance prediction of small protein families. To facilitate ...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2020.11.002
更新日期：2021-01-13 00:00:00
abstract：:Although the replicative life cycle of HIV within CD4 T cells is understood in molecular detail, less is known about how this human retrovirus promotes the loss of CD4 T lymphocytes. It is this cell death process that drives clinical progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Recent studies have highli...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2016.02.012
更新日期：2016-03-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Autophagy provides a mechanism for cells to conserve nutrients, but was recently associated with immunity to intracellular pathogens. Here, Zhao et al. (2008) present direct in vivo evidence that autophagy is linked to macrophage control of Toxoplasma gondii and Listeria monocytogenes and highlights that this process ...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2008.10.008
更新日期：2008-11-13 00:00:00
abstract：:HIV-1 Nef, which is required for the efficient onset of AIDS, enhances viral replication and infectivity by exerting multiple effects on infected cells. Nef downregulates cell-surface MHC-I molecules by an uncharacterized PI3K pathway requiring the actions of two Nef motifs-EEEE(65) and PXXP(75). We report that the Ne...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2007.03.004
更新日期：2007-04-19 00:00:00
abstract：:Antibiotic-mediated microbiota destruction and the consequent loss of colonization resistance can result in intestinal domination with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), leading to bloodstream infection in hospitalized patients. Clearance of VRE remains a challenging goal that, if achieved, would reduce systemic...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2017.04.002
更新日期：2017-05-10 00:00:00
abstract：:The Nef protein of HIV-1 mediates immune evasion by relocating major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and the immune costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 away from the monocytic cell surface. We describe a two-pronged mechanism by which Nef removes CD80 and CD86 from the cell surface. While MHCI, CD80, and ...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2007.01.001
更新日期：2007-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Dengue hemorrhagic fever is shown to correlate with secondary infection with a virus serotype different from the previous infection. However, only a small fraction of secondary infections leads to hemorrhagic fever. A recent Science paper suggests that the fucosylation state and isotype of IgGs elicited in patients ma...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2017.02.011
更新日期：2017-03-08 00:00:00
abstract：:The fusion peptide (FP) of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) is essential for mediating viral entry. Detection of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that interact with the FP has revealed it as a site of vulnerability. We delineate X-ray and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of bnAb ACS202, from an HI...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2019.04.011
更新日期：2019-06-12 00:00:00
abstract：:The deterministic force of natural selection and stochastic influence of drift shape RNA virus evolution. New deep-sequencing and microfluidics technologies allow us to quantify the effect of mutations and trace the evolution of viral populations with single-genome and single-nucleotide resolution. Such experiments ca...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2018.03.012
更新日期：2018-04-11 00:00:00
abstract：:The role of gut microbes in health and disease has often been surmised from stool, which is easily sampled and rich in microbial diversity, density, and abundance. Microbial analyses of stool have been accepted as measures to determine the relationship of gut microbiomes with host health and disease, based on the beli...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2019.08.011
更新日期：2019-09-11 00:00:00
abstract：:The Cullin-RING E3 ligase (CRL) family is commonly hijacked by pathogens to redirect the host ubiquitin proteasome machinery to specific targets. During HIV infection, CRL5 is hijacked by HIV Vif to target viral restriction factors of the APOBEC3 family for ubiquitination and degradation. Here, using a quantitative pr...
journal_title：Cell host & microbe
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.chom.2019.05.008
更新日期：2019-07-10 00:00:00
