Abstract：
:Pseudogenes are defined as fragments of once-functional genes that have been silenced by one or more nonsense, frameshift or missense mutations. Despite continuing increases in the speed of sequencing and annotating bacterial genomes, the identification and categorisation of pseudogenes remains problematic. Even when identified, pseudogenes are considered to be rare and tend to be ignored. On the contrary, pseudogenes are surprisingly prevalent and can persist for long evolutionary time periods, representing a record of once-functional genetic characteristics. Most importantly, pseudogenes provide an insight into prokaryotic evolutionary history as a record of phenotypic traits that have been lost. Focusing on the intracellular and symbiotic bacteria in which pseudogenes predominate, this review discusses the importance of identifying pseudogenes to fully understand the abilities of bacteria, and to understand prokaryotes within their evolutionary context.
journal_name
Curr Opin Microbioljournal_title
Current opinion in microbiologyauthors
Goodhead I,Darby ACdoi
10.1016/j.mib.2014.11.012subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-02-01 00:00:00pages
102-9eissn
1369-5274issn
1879-0364pii
S1369-5274(14)00179-9journal_volume
23pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Asexual sporulation (conidiation) in the ascomycetous filamentous fungi involves the formation of conidia, formed on specialized structures called conidiophores. Conidiation in filamentous fungi involves many common themes including spatial and temporal regulation of gene expression, specialized cellular differentiati...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2012.09.006
更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Activation of professional phagocytes with the concomitant generation of oxidant species is a medullar innate immune process for the control of acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Recent data reinforce the hypothesis that parasites more prepared to deal with the host-oxidative assault are more efficient for the establi...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2009.06.011
更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Haloalkaliphiles are double extremophilic organisms thriving both at high salinity and alkaline pH. Although numerous haloalkaliphilic representatives have been identified among Archaea and Bacteria over the past 15 years, the adaptations underlying their prosperity at haloalkaline conditions are scarcely known. A mul...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2015.05.003
更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bacteria utilize a diverse set of nucleotide second messengers to regulate cellular responses by binding macromolecular receptors (RNAs and proteins). Recent studies on cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) have shown that this signaling molecule binds multiple receptors to regulate different steps in the same biological process. ...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2016.08.010
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent developments have increased our understanding of the evolution of mutualistic associations between Epichloë endophytes and their grass hosts. Most of the asexual species appear to be interspecific hybrids. Although endophytes form compatible associations with their natural hosts, transfers to other hosts elicit...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1369-5274(00)00224-1
更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Endolysins are phage-encoded enzymes that break down bacterial peptidoglycan at the terminal stage of the phage reproduction cycle. Their action is tightly regulated by holins, by membrane arrest, and by conversion from their inactive to active state. Recent research has not only revealed the unexpected diversity of t...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2005.06.002
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The human body comprises of micro-ecosystem made up of trillions of microbes (i.e. bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists and viruses). The total microbial gene content, which is referred to as the human microbiome, is fundamental to human physiology and immunity. There exists an intricate relationship between the surroun...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2018.08.003
更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We are witnessing a breathtaking development in light (fluorescence) microscopy, where structures can be resolved down to the size of a ribosome within cells. This has already yielded surprising insight into the subcellular structure of cells, including the smallest cells, bacteria. Moreover, it has become possible to...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2017.11.027
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The genomic revolution is fully upon us in 2006 and the pace of discovery is set to accelerate with the emergence of ultra-high-throughput sequencing technologies. Our complete genome collection of bacteria and archaea continues to grow in number and diversity, as genome sequencing is applied to an array of new proble...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2006.08.008
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses photosensitizers (non-toxic dyes) that are activated by absorption of visible light to form reactive oxygen species (including singlet oxygen) that can oxidize biomolecules and destroy cells. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) can treat localized infections. aPDI neither cau...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2016.06.008
更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is well accepted that bacterial pathogens growing in a biofilm are recalcitrant to the action of most antibiotics and are resistant to the innate immune system. New treatment modalities are greatly warranted to effectively eradicate these infections. However, bacteria growing in a biofilm are metabolically unique i...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2010.09.007
更新日期：2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In response to starvation, myxobacteria build multicellular fruiting bodies that contain many thousands of cells and that have particular species-specific shapes. To coordinate fruiting body development, the myxobacterial cells signal to each other. The timing of and cellular responses to these signals help to give fo...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1369-5274(98)80112-4
更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Appreciation for the prevalence and diversity of noncoding, small RNAs (sRNAs) has grown enormously in the past decade. A major role for sRNAs in all organisms is to regulate gene expression, often at the level of mRNA translation or stability. However, a few sRNAs have been shown to function by regulating transcripti...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2007.03.008
更新日期：2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Associations between marine invertebrates and their cooperative bacterial symbionts offer access to an understanding of the roots of host-microbe interaction; for example, several symbioses like the squid-vibrio light organ association serve as models for investigating how each partner affects the developmental biolog...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1369-5274(00)00147-8
更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two-thirds of all bacterial genomes sequenced to-date possess an organelle for locomotion, referred to as flagella, periplasmic flagella or type IV pili. These genomes may also contain a chemotaxis-signaling system which governs flagellar rotation, thus leading a coordinated function for motility. Motility and chemota...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2015.09.006
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A combination of structural, biochemical and functional studies with the flavivirus tick-borne encephalitis virus has revealed the characteristics of a new class of viral fusion protein, class II, that is unrelated to the class I viral fusion proteins for which influenza virus hemagglutinin is the prototype. New struc...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1369-5274(00)00234-4
更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bacteria of Shigella spp., the causative agents of shigellosis in humans, possess a repertoire of approximately 25-30 effectors injected into host cells by a type III secretion apparatus (T3SA). The T3SA activity is activated upon contact of bacteria with cells and controls expression of some effectors. Recent structu...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2008.12.002
更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Single microbial cells can now be sequenced using DNA amplified by the Multiple Displacement Amplification (MDA) reaction. The few femtograms of DNA in a bacterium are amplified into micrograms of high molecular weight DNA suitable for DNA library construction and Sanger sequencing. The MDA-generated DNA also performs...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2007.08.005
更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There has been a dramatic increase in the number of completely sequenced bacterial genomes during the past two years as a result of the efforts both of public genome agencies and the pharmaceutical industry. The availability of completely sequenced genomes permits more systematic analyses of genes, evolution and genom...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1369-5274(98)80039-8
更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:High throughput, deep sequencing assays are powerful tools for gaining insights into virus-host interactions. Sequencing assays can discover novel viruses and describe the genomes of novel and known viruses. Genomic information can predict viral proteins that can be characterized, describe important genes in the host ...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2013.04.006
更新日期：2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Complete and partial genome sequence information is underway in several parasitic and symbiotic fungi that infect humans, other animals and plants. Comparative analyses of these sequences will provide new insights into the genomic plasticity and evolution of parasitism and mutualism in fungi. ...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1369-5274(02)00355-7
更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Metagenomics is a novel field which deals with the sequencing and study of microbial organisms or viruses isolated directly from a particular environment. This has already provided a wealth of information and new insights for the inhabitants of various environmental niches. For a given sample, one would like to determ...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2007.08.004
更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The RNA chaperone protein Hfq is critical to the function of small, base pairing RNAs in many bacteria. In the past few years, structures and modeling of wild type Hfq and assays of various mutants have documented that the homohexameric Hfq ring can contact RNA at four sites (proximal face, distal face, rim and C-term...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2016.02.003
更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Xenogeneic silencing proteins facilitate horizontal gene transfer by silencing expression of AT-rich sequences. By virtue of their activity these proteins serve as master regulators of a variety of important functions including motility, drug resistance, and virulence. Three families of silencers have been identified ...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2011.12.014
更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The acquisition of drug resistance by Plasmodium falciparum has severely curtailed global efforts to control malaria. Our ability to define resistance has been greatly enhanced by recent advances in Plasmodium genetics and genomics. Sequencing and microarray studies have identified thousands of polymorphisms in the P....
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2007.07.007
更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sexual development in filamentous ascomycetes requires mating-type genes to mediate recognition of compatible cell and nuclear types. Characterization of mating-type genes from various fungi shows that they primarily encode transcriptional regulators. Recent studies on mating-type-specific pheromones and internuclear ...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1369-5274(00)00073-4
更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Biofilms are a typical mode of growth for most microorganisms and provide them with a variety of survival benefits. Biofilms can pose medical and industrial challenges due to their increased tolerance of antimicrobials and disinfectants. Exposure of bacteria to subinhibitory concentrations of those compounds can furth...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2018.07.006
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In filamentous fungi, the actin cytoskeleton is required for polarity establishment and maintenance at hyphal tips and for formation of a contractile ring at sites of septation. Recently, formins have been identified as Arp (actin-related protein) 2/3-independent nucleators of actin polymerization, and filamentous fun...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2003.10.009
更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sequestered from the action of complement, antibody and lytic peptides, phagosomal pathogens pose a unique problem for the innate immune system both in terms of detection and disposal. An immunologically induced 47-kDa (p47) GTPase family recruited to nascent phagosomes (PGs) has provided new insights into how vertebr...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2004.12.012
更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Some RNA virus genomes bear 5'-triphosphates, which can be recognized in the cytoplasm of infected cells by host proteins that mediate anti-viral immunity. Both the innate sensor RIG-I and the interferon-induced IFIT proteins bind to 5'-triphosphate viral RNAs. RIG-I signals for induction of interferons during RNA vir...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2013.04.009
更新日期：2013-08-01 00:00:00
