Abstract:
:The human body comprises of micro-ecosystem made up of trillions of microbes (i.e. bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists and viruses). The total microbial gene content, which is referred to as the human microbiome, is fundamental to human physiology and immunity. There exists an intricate relationship between the surrounding microbial world (i.e. the environment) and the endogenous human microbiome, mediated by the immune system. Disrupting this relationship can a profound effect on human health and disease. Understanding how microbial exposure influences immune response and the feedback on endogenous microbial metabolic activity could have profound implications for the development of novel microbial therapeutics. The term 'microbial exposure' is used generally to refer to exogenous environmental microbial interaction, while 'exposome' accounts for both the environmental exposures and the impact of lifestyle-associated microbial impacts, such as diet influences on endogenous microbial metabolism. In this review, we focus on how environment and lifestyle-associated microbial exposures shape the human immune system and microbiome, and how the resulting changes can shape human health, especially during critical developmental windows, that is prenatal, postnatal and adult. We conclude this review by proposing approaches to characterize the microbial exposome so as to accelerate the development of a precision microbial therapeutics for both practical and clinical intervention.
journal_name
Curr Opin Microbioljournal_title
Current opinion in microbiologyauthors
Sharma A,Gilbert JAdoi
10.1016/j.mib.2018.08.003subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-08-01 00:00:00pages
79-87eissn
1369-5274issn
1879-0364pii
S1369-5274(18)30053-5journal_volume
44pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Since their discovery, our understanding of NK cells has evolved from branding them marginal innate immunity cells to key players in anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity. Importance of NK cells in control of various viral infections is perhaps best illustrated by the existence of plethora of viral mechanisms aimed to mo...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2010.05.011
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Analyses of the complex regulatory networks leading to T cell survival, death, and immune deficiency have been aided in the past year by the dramatic development of new technologies to identify T cells and assess T cell function. These new techniques have shown that functional inactivation and apoptotic elimination of...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1369-5274(99)80067-8
更新日期:1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microbial communities have considerable impacts on animal health. However, only in recent years have the host factors impacting microbiome composition been explored. An increasing wealth of microbiome data in combination with decades of research on behavior, physiology, and development have resulted in the European ho...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2019.08.001
更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent studies have led to the identification of more than 50 small regulatory RNAs in Escherichia coli. Only a subset of these RNAs has been characterized. However, it is clear that many of the RNAs, such as the MicF, OxyS, DsrA, Spot42 and RyhB RNAs, act by basepairing to activate or repress translation or to destab...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2004.02.015
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::High-throughput identification of proteins and their accurate partial sequencing by shotgun nanoLC-MS/MS are now feasible for any cellular model at a full genomic scale. Proteogenomics is the integration of these data with the genome. Mining microbial proteomes allows validation of predicted orphan genes and correctio...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2009.03.005
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intracellular protozoans co-evolved with their mammalian host cells a range of strategies to cope with the composite and dynamic cell surface features they encounter during migration and infection. Therefore, these single-celled eukaryotic parasites represent a fascinating source of living probes for precisely capturi...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2019.06.007
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The discovery of tubulin-like cytoskeletal proteins carried on the genomes of bacteriophages that are actively used for phage propagation during both the lytic and lysogenic cycle have revealed that there at least two ways that viruses can utilize a cytoskeleton; co-opt the host cytoskeleton or bring their own homolog...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2013.08.007
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bacteria reside in externally accessible niches on and in multicellular organisms, often forming mutualistic relationships with their host. Recent studies have linked the composition of these microbial communities with alterations in the host's health, behavior, and development, yet the causative mediators of host-mic...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2017.05.006
更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Small RNAs can act to regulate both the synthesis of proteins, by affecting mRNA transcription, translation and stability, and the activity of specific proteins by binding to them. As a result of recent genome-wide screens, around 50 small RNAs have now been identified in Escherichia coli. These include many that requ...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1369-5274(03)00027-4
更新日期:2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the last 30 years, significant advances in genetic manipulation tools along with complete genome and transcriptome sequencing have advanced our understanding of the biology of Leishmania parasites and their interplay with the sand fly and mammalian hosts. High-throughput sequencing in association with CRISPR/Cas9 h...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2019.05.004
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have now complete genome sequences of several pairs of closely related prokaryotes (conspecific strains or congeneric species). Surprisingly, even strains of the same species can differ by as much as 20% in gene content. Conceptual and methodological approaches for dealing with such diversity are now being develope...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1369-5274(00)00204-6
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Haloalkaliphiles are double extremophilic organisms thriving both at high salinity and alkaline pH. Although numerous haloalkaliphilic representatives have been identified among Archaea and Bacteria over the past 15 years, the adaptations underlying their prosperity at haloalkaline conditions are scarcely known. A mul...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2015.05.003
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes life-threatening infections in immunocompromised individuals. Siderophore-mediated iron acquisition has been shown to be essential for virulence. New studies have revealed that enzymes involved in siderophore biosynthesis and uptake are compartmenta...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2013.07.012
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::While natural microbial communities are composed of a mix of microbes with often unknown functions, the construction of synthetic microbial communities allows for the generation of defined systems with reduced complexity. Used in a top-down approach, synthetic communities serve as model systems to ask questions about ...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2014.02.002
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Natural products are a rich source of bioactive compounds that have been used successfully in the areas of human health from infectious disease to cancer; however, traditional fermentation-based screening has provided diminishing returns over the last 20-30 years. Solutions to the unmet need of resistant bacterial inf...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2019.01.001
更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In response to starvation, myxobacteria build multicellular fruiting bodies that contain many thousands of cells and that have particular species-specific shapes. To coordinate fruiting body development, the myxobacterial cells signal to each other. The timing of and cellular responses to these signals help to give fo...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1369-5274(98)80112-4
更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Some RNA virus genomes bear 5'-triphosphates, which can be recognized in the cytoplasm of infected cells by host proteins that mediate anti-viral immunity. Both the innate sensor RIG-I and the interferon-induced IFIT proteins bind to 5'-triphosphate viral RNAs. RIG-I signals for induction of interferons during RNA vir...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2013.04.009
更新日期:2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Asexual sporulation (conidiation) in the ascomycetous filamentous fungi involves the formation of conidia, formed on specialized structures called conidiophores. Conidiation in filamentous fungi involves many common themes including spatial and temporal regulation of gene expression, specialized cellular differentiati...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2012.09.006
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two-thirds of all bacterial genomes sequenced to-date possess an organelle for locomotion, referred to as flagella, periplasmic flagella or type IV pili. These genomes may also contain a chemotaxis-signaling system which governs flagellar rotation, thus leading a coordinated function for motility. Motility and chemota...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2015.09.006
更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several species of Archaea are involved in symbiotic or parasitic associations with representatives of Eukarya, Bacteria and other Archaea. Eukaryal interactions include different members of methanogens, found in the gut of arthropods, in the rumen of cattle, and in the human intestine, while Cenarchaeum symbiosum is ...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2011.04.016
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fluency in a common language allows individuals to convey information and carry out complex activities that otherwise would be difficult or even impossible without the benefit of shared communication. Cyclic (di)nucleotides have recently been recognized as such an accessible language understood by both microbe and the...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2015.12.005
更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Host-pathogen interactions are often heterogeneous involving individual encounters between host and pathogen cells with diverse molecular mechanisms, response networks, and diverging outcomes. Single-cell reporters can identify the various types of interactions and participating pathogen subsets, help to unravel under...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2020.07.013
更新日期:2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Trypanosomes and Leishmania contain an abundance of stage-regulated cysteine proteinases encoded by several gene families. Analysis of parasites rendered defective in cysteine proteinase function, either through genetic manipulation or through the use of specific inhibitors, has revealed roles for the enzymes in paras...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1369-5274(98)80065-9
更新日期:1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Virulence associated protein type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are intricately structured organic nanosyringes that achieve the translocation of bacterial proteins from the prokaryotic cytoplasm across three membranes into the host cytosol. The substrates for these systems number in the hundreds, with remarkably dive...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2009.11.001
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::High throughput, deep sequencing assays are powerful tools for gaining insights into virus-host interactions. Sequencing assays can discover novel viruses and describe the genomes of novel and known viruses. Genomic information can predict viral proteins that can be characterized, describe important genes in the host ...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2013.04.006
更新日期:2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The central role of small RNAs in regulating bacterial gene expression has been elucidated in the past years. Typically, small RNAs act via specific basepairing with target mRNAs, leading to modulation of translation initiation and mRNA stability. Quantitative studies suggest that small RNA regulation is characterized...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2008.09.016
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is well accepted that bacterial pathogens growing in a biofilm are recalcitrant to the action of most antibiotics and are resistant to the innate immune system. New treatment modalities are greatly warranted to effectively eradicate these infections. However, bacteria growing in a biofilm are metabolically unique i...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2010.09.007
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Enteropathogenic Yersinia species encode invasin, which promotes uptake into host cells by binding beta1 integrins. Invasin may cluster integrin heterodimers extracellularly and cause the integrin alpha and beta chains to splay apart in the cytoplasm. Cdc42 signaling is not essential for Yersinia uptake, whereas invas...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2004.12.009
更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The small nucleotides pppGpp and ppGpp (or (p)ppGpp) are rapidly synthesized in response to nutritional stress. In Escherichia coli, the enzymes RelA and SpoT are triggered by different starvation signals to produce (p)ppGpp. In many Gram-positive bacteria this is carried out by RelA and two small homologs. (p)ppGpp, ...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2008.02.001
更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Organisms do not exist isolated from each other, but constantly interact. Cells can sense the presence of interaction partners by a range of receptors and, via complex regulatory networks, specifically react by changing the expression of many of their genes. Technological advances in next-generation sequencing over th...
journal_title:Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mib.2017.09.001
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00