Abstract：
:Over the years, the commonly used term to describe juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has changed. By definition, JIA includes all types of arthritis with no apparent cause, lasting more than 6 weeks, in patients aged less than 16 years at onset. JIA pathogenesis is still poorly understood: the interaction between environmental factors and multiple genes has been proposed as the most relevant working mechanism to the development of JIA. The concept that various microbes that colonize or infect not only the mucosal surfaces, like the oral cavity, but also the airways and gut might trigger autoimmune processes, resulting in chronic arthritides, and JIA was first drafted at the outset of last century. JIA development might be initiated and sustained by the exposure to environmental factors, including infectious agents which affect people at a young age, depending on the underlying genetic predisposition to synovial inflammation. Many data from patients with JIA suggest a scenario in which different external antigens incite multiple antigen-specific pathways, cytotoxic T cell responses, activation of classical complement cascade, and production of proinflammatory cytokines. In this review, emphasis is paid not only to the potential role of parvovirus B19 and Epstein-Barr virus in primis but also to the general involvement of different bacteria as Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Bartonella henselae, and Streptococcus pyogenes for the development of immune-mediated arthritides during childhood. No unequivocal evidence favoring or refuting these associations has been clearly proved, and today, the strict definition of JIA etiology remains unknown. The infection can represent a random event in a susceptible individual, or it can be a necessary factor in JIA development, always in combination with a peculiar genetic background. Further studies are needed in order to address the unsolved questions concerning this issue.
journal_name
Clin Rev Allergy Immunoljournal_title
Clinical reviews in allergy & immunologyauthors
Rigante D,Bosco A,Esposito Sdoi
10.1007/s12016-014-8460-9subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-10-01 00:00:00pages
253-61issue
2eissn
1080-0549issn
1559-0267pii
10.1007/s12016-014-8460-9journal_volume
49pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Biological rhythms are fundamental for homeostasis and have recently been involved in the regulatory processes of various organs and systems. Circadian cycle proteins and hormones have a direct effect on the inflammatory response and have shown pro- or anti-inflammatory effects in animal models of autoimmune diseases....
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-017-8599-2
更新日期：2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:What makes an antigen an allergen? This question has been at the core of much research regarding the basic mechanisms of allergy as well as the development of diagnostic and therapeutic allergen products. Great strides have been made since Kjell Aas asked this question in his classic review in Allergy (1), but we appe...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1385/CRIAI:30:2:71
更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Beta-agonists have clearly demonstrated benefits for the treatment of both acute and chronic asthma. Therefore, it is perhaps surprising that many of the articles in this issue have focused on concerns about their safety. Much of this concern can be traced back to the "beta-agonist controversy"--the association of hig...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1385/criai:31:2:279
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Reduced bone mineral density is frequently found especially in adult celiac disease (CD) and dietary guidelines favor vitamin D supplementation in adults and children with CD. Vitamin D serum levels were investigated in CD populations in order to challenge its routine supplementation. Israeli (61), Spanish (59), CD ch...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12016-010-8237-8
更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although allergic asthma was described to be associated with the presence of mucosal T helper (Th)2 cells, it is not entirely clear which factors are responsible for priming of T cells to differentiate into Th2 effector cells in this disease. Interleukin (IL)-6 has been recognized as important because it is secreted b...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1385/CRIAI:28:3:257
更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Celiac disease is a complex immune-mediated gluten-sensitive enteropathy with protean clinical manifestations. It is manifest in genetically predisposed individuals who ingest gluten in varying amounts. In broad terms, it is thought to affect 1% of the population in the USA. More specifically, the prevalence increases...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-018-8691-2
更新日期：2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a central regulator of inflammation, and TNF-α antagonists may be effective in treating inflammatory disorders in which TNF-α plays a major pathogenic role. TNF-α has also been associated with inflammatory mechanisms related to implantation, placentation, and pregnancy outcome. TNF-α...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-016-8596-x
更新日期：2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Air pollution is defined as the presence of noxious substances in the air at levels that impose a health hazard. Thus, there has been long-standing interest in the possible role of indoor and outdoor air pollutants on the development of respiratory disease. In this regard, asthma has been of particular interest but ma...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-019-08730-3
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the vast database of peer-reviewed articles, the number of 2018 papers published retrieved using the "autoimmunity" keyword remained unchanged compared with the brilliant results of 2017 while returning above a 5% share within the immunology field, after the brisk decrease of this ratio in 2017. As in the past 12 y...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12016-019-08745-w
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) conceptually may be divided into three evolutionary stages: allostimulation, effector cell homing to specific tissues, and cellular targeting and injury. Surprisingly, little is known regarding the targeting stage of GVHD. Recently, we have learned that epithelial target cell inj...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-007-0028-5
更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bronchiolitis is a common, acute, contagious lower respiratory tract illness of infants and young children. The majority of cases are secondary to respiratory syncytial virus. There are a number of risk factors for severe disease, including children less than six weeks of age and patients with atopy and/or asthma. The...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1385/CRIAI:25:3:249
更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:One of the important factors and consequences in persistent asthma is the change in the vasculature of the airways and lung parenchyma. These changes could contribute to worsening asthma control and predispose asthmatics to critical asthma syndromes. For many years, the contribution of vasculature to severe asthma was...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-014-8420-4
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Every 2 years, an International Congress of Autoimmunity is organized and held with the intent of creating a new base for continuing interdisciplinary and international research, including further opportunities to train in the field of autoimmunity. In September 2008, the Congress of Autoimmunity was held in Porto, Po...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type：
doi：10.1007/s12016-009-8141-2
更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A bulk of literature demonstrated that respiratory allergy, and especially asthma, is prevalent in males during childhood, while it becomes more frequent in females from adolescence, i.e., after menarche, to adulthood. The mechanisms underlying the difference between females and males are the effects on the immune res...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-017-8661-0
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is characterized histologically by the presence of chronic non-suppurative destructive cholangitis of the small interlobular bile duct, leading to chronic progressive cholestasis. Most PBC patients are asymptomatic and have a reasonable prognosis, but a few develop esophageal varices or...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-015-8482-y
更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inhibitors to factor VIII (FVIII) are alloantibodies directed against epitopes able to neutralise FVIII procoagulant activity. They may render FVIII replacement therapy ineffective. They represent the most severe complication of haemophilia A. At least three mechanisms of FVIII neutralisation activity by anti-FVIII an...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-009-8115-4
更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cryoglobulins are immunoglobulins that reversibly precipitate in the cold. They come in different flavours and, as such, are differentially associated with lymphoproliferative diseases (type I), or systemic autoimmune diseases, and/or infectious diseases (type II/III). The clinical manifestations of cryoglobulinaemia ...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-013-8390-y
更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disorder with a broad spectrum of clinical presentations and association with multiple immunological abnormalities. Recent research of the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway-revealed aberrant STAT s...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-016-8550-y
更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Systemic lupus erythmatosus (SLE) is a multi-system autoimmune disease characterized by auto-reactive cells and auto-antibodies, which can potentially affect all organ systems. Typical organ systems that are affected include the heart, lungs, skin, kidneys, and central nervous system. Its expression is believed to be ...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1385/CRIAI:25:1:41
更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several factors have been associated with the development of asthma and asthma-related morbidity and mortality. Exposures in the environment such as allergens and air pollutants have traditionally been linked to the risk of asthma and asthma outcomes. More recent literature has identified chronic psychosocial stress a...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-019-08736-x
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although the relative contributions of T cells and B cells in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) are far from being settled, recent studies have suggested a crucial role for B cells in its pathophysiology. Early investigations have focused on the ability of B cells to produce autoantibodies, and new studies have enlarged the ran...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-007-8000-y
更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Alopecia areata is a common hair loss condition that is characterized by acute onset of non-scarring hair loss in usually sharply defined areas ranging from small patches to extensive or less frequently diffuse involvement. Depending on its acuity and extent, hair loss is an important cause of anxiety and disability. ...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-017-8620-9
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The relationship between autoimmunity and reproduction has long been recognized. This relationship is bidirectional and includes many diverse issues, but in this review article, we focus on which autoimmune disturbances are the basic cause of recurrent pregnancy losses in patients with autoimmune diseases. The antipho...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-009-8179-1
更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) has been used as an immunomodulatory therapy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). In the current review, we summarize the up-to-date data related to IVIg clinical trials in MS, and the suggested mechanisms of action by which IVIg modulates the relevant immunological pathways ...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1385/CRIAI:29:3:247
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pruritus, fatigue, and metabolic bone disease are frequent complications of cholestatic liver diseases, which can be quite distressing for the patient and can considerably reduce the quality of life. The molecular pathogenesis of these extrahepatic manifestations of cholestasis is poorly understood, and hypotheses to ...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1385/CRIAI:28:2:147
更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The critical asthma syndrome (CAS) encompasses the most severe, persistent, refractory asthma patients for the clinician to manage. Personalized pharmacotherapy is necessary to prevent the next acute severe asthma exacerbation, not just the control of symptoms. The 2007 National Asthma Education and Prevention Program...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-013-8393-8
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hereditary angioedema (HAE) patients experience recurrent local swelling in various parts of the body including painful swelling of the intestine and life-threatening laryngeal oedema. Most HAE literature is about attacks located in one anatomical site, though it is mentioned that HAE attacks may also involve multiple...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12016-014-8463-6
更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Asthma is a chronic immunological disease affecting all age groups, but often starting in childhood. Although it has long been ascribed to a single pathology, recent studies have highlighted its heterogeneity due to the potential involvement of various pathogenic mechanisms. Here, we present our current understanding ...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-020-08784-8
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease, and several antigens have been shown to activate the immune response and affect the development of atherogenesis. This suggests that modulation of the immune system could represent a useful approach to prevent and/or treat this disorder. A vaccination approach might be a use...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-009-8145-y
更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In inflammatory rheumatic disorders, the immune system attacks and damages the connective tissues and invariably internal organs. During the past decade, remarkable advances having been made towards our understanding on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in rheumatic diseases. The discovery of IL-23/IL-17 ...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-020-08823-4
更新日期：2021-02-01 00:00:00
