Abstract：
:Staphylococcus aureus is a dangerous pathogen that causes a variety of severe diseases. The virulence of S. aureus is defined by a large repertoire of virulence factors, among which secreted toxins play a preeminent role. Many S. aureus toxins damage biological membranes, leading to cell death. In particular, S. aureus produces potent hemolysins and leukotoxins. Among the latter, some were recently identified to lyse neutrophils after ingestion, representing an especially powerful weapon against bacterial elimination by innate host defense. Furthermore, S. aureus secretes many factors that inhibit the complement cascade or prevent recognition by host defenses. Several further toxins add to this multi-faceted program of S. aureus to evade elimination in the host. This review will give an overview over S. aureus toxins focusing on recent advances in our understanding of how leukotoxins work in receptor-mediated or receptor-independent fashions.
journal_name
Curr Opin Microbioljournal_title
Current opinion in microbiologyauthors
Otto Mdoi
10.1016/j.mib.2013.11.004subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-02-01 00:00:00pages
32-7eissn
1369-5274issn
1879-0364pii
S1369-5274(13)00219-1journal_volume
17pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:DNA translocases play important roles during the bacterial cell cycle and in cell differentiation. Escherichia coli cells contain a multifunctional translocase, FtsK, which is involved in cell division, late steps of chromosome segregation and dimer resolution. In Gram-positive bacteria, the latter two processes are a...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2011.10.004
更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Natural prokaryotic populations are composed of multiple clonal lineages that are different in their core genomes in a range that varies typically between 95 and 100% nucleotide identity. Each clonal lineage also carries a complement of not shared flexible genes that can be very large. The compounded flexible genome p...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2016.03.014
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Molecular techniques are providing unprecedented insights into the organismal and functional make-up of natural microbial consortia. Apart from nucleic acid based approaches, community proteomics has the potential to provide a high-resolution representation of genotypic and phenotypic traits of distinct community memb...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2009.03.004
更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The three dimensional ultrastructure of cells and tissues comes to light with tomography. There is an inherent tension between representing molecular detail at the highest possible resolution, on one hand, and visualizing spatial relations between large organelles or even neighboring cells in large volumes, on the oth...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2018.01.001
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Elimination of non-functional or unwanted proteins is critical for cell growth and regulation. In bacteria, ATP-dependent proteases target cytoplasmic proteins for degradation, contributing to both protein quality control and regulation of specific proteins, thus playing roles parallel to that of the proteasome in euk...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2013.01.002
更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses photosensitizers (non-toxic dyes) that are activated by absorption of visible light to form reactive oxygen species (including singlet oxygen) that can oxidize biomolecules and destroy cells. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) can treat localized infections. aPDI neither cau...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2016.06.008
更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Infections caused by the apicomplexan parasites Plasmodium and Toxoplasma are wide-spread, life-threatening and therapeutically challenging. These pathogens are obligate intracellular microorganisms that invade mammalian cells by forming a self-made niche, the parasitophorous vacuole that is impervious to host lysosom...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.009
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The DNA-binding domains of eucaryotic GATA factors comprise a four-cysteine Zn finger and an adjacent basic region. Fungal GATA factors regulate nitrogen metabolism, light induction, siderophore biosynthesis and mating-type switching. Hydrophobic interactions determine binding-site specificity. Interactions with other...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1369-5274(00)00063-1
更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antisense technology has been widely used to regulate gene expression. A tetracycline (tet)-regulated antisense-RNA-expressing system has been developed and used to downregulate chromosomally derived genes expressed in Staphylococcus aureus. This downregulation subsequently provides an evaluation of the virulence fact...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1369-5274(02)00315-6
更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Some RNA virus genomes bear 5'-triphosphates, which can be recognized in the cytoplasm of infected cells by host proteins that mediate anti-viral immunity. Both the innate sensor RIG-I and the interferon-induced IFIT proteins bind to 5'-triphosphate viral RNAs. RIG-I signals for induction of interferons during RNA vir...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2013.04.009
更新日期：2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Members of the YidC/Oxa1/Alb3 membrane protein family are multifunctional mediators of membrane protein integration, folding and assembly into large complexes. Their evolutionary conserved and physiologically important role appears to relate to the assembly of major energy-transducing membrane protein complexes. ...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2005.02.004
更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Secretion systems play a central role in infectious diseases by enabling pathogenic bacteria to deliver virulence factors into target cells. The type VI secretion system (T6SS) mediates bacterial antagonism in various environments including eukaryotic niches, such as the gut. This molecular machine injects lethal toxi...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2015.11.006
更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bacteria of Shigella spp., the causative agents of shigellosis in humans, possess a repertoire of approximately 25-30 effectors injected into host cells by a type III secretion apparatus (T3SA). The T3SA activity is activated upon contact of bacteria with cells and controls expression of some effectors. Recent structu...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2008.12.002
更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dynamic properties of type IV pili are essential for their function in bacterial infection, twitching motility and gene transfer. Laser tweezers are versatile tools to study the molecular mechanism underlying pilus dynamics at the single molecule level. Recently, these optical tweezers have been used to monitor pilus ...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2005.04.002
更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nucleoid proteins are a group of abundant DNA binding proteins that modulate the structure of the bacterial chromosome. They have been recruited as specific negative and positive regulators of gene transcription and their fluctuating patterns of expression are often exploited to impart an additional level of control w...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s1369-5274(00)00181-8
更新日期：2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Membrane shape is functionally linked with many cellular processes. The limiting membrane of vacuoles containing Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium apicomplexan parasites lies at the host-parasite interface. This membrane comprises intra-vacuolar and extra-vacuolar tubulo-vesicular deformations, which influence host-par...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2017.11.013
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of hospital-acquired and often persistent infections. A key feature of pathogenic S. aureus is the expression of an array of extracellular matrix-binding proteins. In particular, the fibronectin-binding proteins FnBP-A and FnBP-B afford the pathogen the ability to connect to ce...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2005.12.002
更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The therapeutic landscape for mycotic infections is shifting. New generation azoles that are active against clinically relevant, drug-resistant fungal pathogens have improved bioavailability, half-lives and safety profiles. Acylated cyclic peptide inhibitors of beta(1,3)glucan synthesis with origins as fungal metaboli...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1369-5274(00)00248-4
更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Wild Escherichia coli are superbly adapted to survive in the intestines of their mammalian hosts and in the environment. E. coli K12 derivative (MG1655) encodes 4288 potential genes that provide the background genetic framework of this species. Particular E. coli clonal types encode additional chromosomal and extrachr...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1369-5274(00)00170-3
更新日期：2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is highly immunogenic and appears to have evolved to preserve its antigenicity. The retention of antigenicity is important to the maintenance of a robust immune response that contributes greatly to the late-stage tissue damage required for transmission and completion of the pathogen's ...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2012.11.007
更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have now complete genome sequences of several pairs of closely related prokaryotes (conspecific strains or congeneric species). Surprisingly, even strains of the same species can differ by as much as 20% in gene content. Conceptual and methodological approaches for dealing with such diversity are now being develope...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1369-5274(00)00204-6
更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Systems biology is a rapidly expanding field fuelled by the 'omics' era coupled to several new technological advances that have increased the precision of data obtainable, meaning that it is now feasible to obtain quantitative measurements from a single cell. The aim of systems biology is to understand the structure, ...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2009.08.007
更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Gram-positive pathogens are a major cause of community-acquired and hospital-acquired infections, and exhibit a remarkable ability to develop antibiotic resistance. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (GRE) and multidrug-resistant pneumococci are currently the major r...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2010.08.006
更新日期：2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Analyses of the complex regulatory networks leading to T cell survival, death, and immune deficiency have been aided in the past year by the dramatic development of new technologies to identify T cells and assess T cell function. These new techniques have shown that functional inactivation and apoptotic elimination of...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1369-5274(99)80067-8
更新日期：1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The acquisition of drug resistance by Plasmodium falciparum has severely curtailed global efforts to control malaria. Our ability to define resistance has been greatly enhanced by recent advances in Plasmodium genetics and genomics. Sequencing and microarray studies have identified thousands of polymorphisms in the P....
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2007.07.007
更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the process of yeast budding, an aged and deteriorated mother cell gives rise to a youthful and pristine daughter cell. This remarkable event offers a tractable model system for identifying factors affecting life expectancy and it has been established that multiple aging factors operate in parallel. Herein, we will...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2014.02.003
更新日期：2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The proposed order Megavirales comprises the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV), infecting a wide range of hosts. Over time, they co-evolved with different host cells, developing various strategies to penetrate them. Mimiviruses and other giant viruses enter cells through phagocytosis, while Marseillevirus an...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2016.03.009
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The human pathogenic Yersinia species cause diseases that represent a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Despite this, specific mechanisms underlying Yersinia pathogenesis and protective host responses remain poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that Yersinia disrupt cell death pathways, perturb in...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2015.11.001
更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Metagenomics is a novel field which deals with the sequencing and study of microbial organisms or viruses isolated directly from a particular environment. This has already provided a wealth of information and new insights for the inhabitants of various environmental niches. For a given sample, one would like to determ...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2007.08.004
更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An increasingly diverse array of clinically relevant animal models of candidiasis have been established that mimic both the immune perturbations of the host and tissue-specific features of candidiasis in humans. Cause-and-effect analysis of Candida host-pathogen interactions using these animal models has made a quantu...
journal_title：Current opinion in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mib.2004.06.001
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
