Abstract:
:Citric acid is an alpha-hydroxyacid (AHA) widely used in cosmetic dermatology and skincare products. However, there is concern regarding its safety for the skin. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic effects of citric acid on the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. HaCaT cells were treated with citric acid at 2.5-12.5 mM for different time periods. Cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis were investigated by 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) staining, flow cytometry, western blot and confocal microscopy. Citric acid not only inhibited proliferation of HaCaT cells in a dose-dependent manner, but also induced apoptosis and cell cycle-arrest at the G2/M phase (before 24 h) and S phase (after 24 h). Citric acid increased the level of Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) and reduced the levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2), B-cell lymphoma-extra large (BCL-XL) and activated caspase-9 and caspase-3, which subsequently induced apoptosis via caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways. Citric acid also activated death receptors and increased the levels of caspase-8, activated BH3 interacting-domain death agonist (BID) protein, Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), and Endonuclease G (EndoG). Therefore, citric acid induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. The study results suggest that citric acid is cytotoxic to HaCaT cells via induction of apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in vitro.
journal_name
Anticancer Resjournal_title
Anticancer researchauthors
Ying TH,Chen CW,Hsiao YP,Hung SJ,Chung JG,Yang JHsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-10-01 00:00:00pages
4411-20issue
10eissn
0250-7005issn
1791-7530pii
33/10/4411journal_volume
33pub_type
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journal_title:Anticancer research
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journal_title:Anticancer research
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journal_title:Anticancer research
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doi:10.21873/anticanres.13492
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Anticancer research
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2001-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Anticancer research
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1991-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Anticancer research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2002-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Anticancer research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cytosol from immature rabbit uteri was classified into six groups according to range of molecular weights. The molecular sieve can be achieved by AMICON ultrafiltration using membranes of different pore sizes. The results revealed that almost 50% of the total activity of ER and PgR was confined to the largest fraction...
journal_title:Anticancer research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1990-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Anticancer research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1994-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Anticancer research
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of techentium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile (Tc-99m sestamibi) scintimammography in the diagnosis of breast cancer in 32 female patients with indeterminate mammographic probability of malignancy because of mammographically dense breasts. All the breast masses we...
journal_title:Anticancer research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND/AIM:Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been shown to inhibit the induction and progression of many tumor types. The aim of this study was to determine the anticancer effect of docosahexaenoic acid monoglyceride (MAG-DHA) alone and in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent carboplatin (CBT)...
journal_title:Anticancer research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.21873/anticanres.12048
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Anticancer research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1988-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::TRAIL, Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand), a member of the TNF family, is known to be cytotoxic for a high proportion of tumor cell lines. However, successful application of TRAIL in tumor therapy may depend on finding other agents that can potentiate its antitumor effects. The present study show...
journal_title:Anticancer research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present study was performed to investigate the prognostic impact of tumor resection on survival in children and adolescents with malignant gliomas. From the HIT-GBM data base of the Gesellschaft für Paediatrische Onkologie und Haematologie (GPOH), 85 pediatric patients with malignant non-pontine gliomas were analy...
journal_title:Anticancer research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Anticancer research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2000-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Anticancer research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1996-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Anticancer research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.21873/anticanres.13830
更新日期:2019-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Anticancer research
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Anticancer research
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journal_title:Anticancer research
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journal_title:Anticancer research
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journal_title:Anticancer research
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Anticancer research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Anticancer research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Anticancer research
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更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Anticancer research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Anticancer research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2000-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Anticancer research
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doi:10.21873/anticanres.13810
更新日期:2019-11-01 00:00:00