Abstract:
:Since 1990 the WHO Global Tuberculosis Programme (GTB) has promoted the revision of national tuberculosis programmes to strengthen the focus on directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) and close monitoring of treatment outcomes. GTB has encouraged in-depth evaluation of activities through a comprehensive programme review. Over the period 1990-95, WHO supported 12 such programme reviews. The criteria for selection were as follows: large population (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, and Thailand); good prospects of developing a model programme for a region (Nepal, Zimbabwe); or at advanced stage of implementation of a model programme for a region (Guinea, Peru). The estimated combined incidence of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis was 82 per 100,000 population, about 43% of the global incidence. The prevalence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was variable, being very high in Ethiopia and Zimbabwe, but negligible in Bangladesh, China, Nepal and Peru. The programme reviews were conducted by teams of 15-35 experts representing a wide range of national and external institutions. After a 2-3-month preparatory period, the conduct of the review usually lasted 2-3 weeks, including a first phase of meetings with authorities and review of documents, a second phase for field visits, and a third phase of discussion of findings and recommendations. The main lessons learned from the programme reviews were as follows: programme review is a useful tool to secure government commitment, reorient the tuberculosis control policies and replan the activities on solid grounds; the involvement of public health and academic institutions, cooperating agencies, and nongovernmental organizations secured a broad support to the new policies; programme success is linked to a centralized direction which supports a decentralized implementation through the primary health care services; monitoring and evaluation of case management functions well if it is based on the right classification of cases and quarterly reports on cohorts of patients; a comprehensive programme review should include teaching about tuberculosis in medical, nursing, and laboratory workers' schools; good quality diagnosis and treatment are the essential requirements for expanding a programme beyond the pilot testing; and control targets cannot be achieved if private and social security patients are left outside the programme scope. The methodology of comprehensive programme review should be recommended to all countries which require programme reorientation; it is also appropriate for carrying out evaluations at 4-5-year intervals in countries that are implementing the correct tuberculosis control policies. :Over the period 1990-95, the World Health Organization (WHO) conducted 12 reviews of national tuberculosis programs, with emphasis on passive case finding; directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS); drug supply; and treatment outcome monitoring. Criteria for program selection were: large population (Bangladesh, Brazil, Chile, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, and Thailand); good potential for developing a model regional program (Nepal, Zimbabwe); or advanced stage of implementation of a model program (Guinea, Peru). The 2-3-week review process included interviews with authorities, document reviews, field visits, and discussions of findings. The estimated combined incidence of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis was 82/100,000 population--about 43% of the global incidence. These reviews suggested the following observations: 1) program review is a useful tool to secure government commitment, reorient tuberculosis control policies, and replan activities on a more solid basis; 2) the involvement of academic and public health institutions, cooperating agencies, and nongovernmental organizations secures broad support for new policies; 3) program success is linked to a centralized direction that supports a decentralized implementation through the primary health care system; 4) monitoring and evaluation of case management function well if based on the correct classification of cases and quarterly reports on cohorts of patients; 5) a comprehensive program review should include teaching about tuberculosis in medical, nursing, and laboratory workers' schools; 6) good quality diagnosis and treatment are essential requirements for expanding a program beyond pilot testing; and 7) tuberculosis control targets cannot be achieved if private and social security patients are excluded from program coverage.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
Pio A,Luelmo F,Kumaresan J,Spinaci Ssubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1997-01-01 00:00:00pages
569-81issue
6eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604journal_volume
75pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::There is a need for more detailed information on the relative merits of the culture and direct sputum smear examination methods, separately and in various combinations, using one or more sputum specimens. The efficiency and relative cost of different bacteriological measures for the detection of cases of pulmonary tub...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since an excellent candidate strain (M) for live virus vaccination of swine against Japanese encephalitis was developed, a number of large vaccination programmes have been implemented in Japan with the aim of controlling Japanese encephalitis epidemics in man by reducing the population size of nonimmune swine. Encoura...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1972-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The treatment received by children aged under 5 years with diarrhoea was studied in the Hospital Infantil de México (Federico Goméz), Mexico City. The costs of treatment were calculated and estimates were made of how these had changed since the establishment of an oral rehydration unit in the hospital in 1985. The res...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:We aimed to determine the burden of bacillary dysentery in China, its cross-regional variations, trends in morbidity and mortality, the causative bacterial species and antimicrobial resistance patterns. METHODS:We extracted and integrated governmental statistics and relevant medical literature published from...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.05.023853
更新日期:2006-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Single-radial-diffusion techniques are proposed as possible alternatives to tests based on agglutination of erythrocytes for the assay of the haemagglutinin content of influenza vaccines. Two test procedures (microtest and macrotest) and the use of reference reagents to assay vaccines using these tests are described. ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1975-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In May 1963 a live vaccine prepared from streptomycin-dependent Shigella flexneri 2a was administered to 355 soldiers stationed in an area of Yugoslavia in which bacillary dysentery was hyperendemic. Five oral doses were given every third day. 382 unvaccinated soldiers from the same unit served as controls. Both group...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1965-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three diphtheria toxoid preparations, fractionated at various concentrations of ammonium sulfate, having various grades of purity, and showing striking differences in immunizing potency when compared at the same Lf dose, were examined for similarity of the effective constituents in the fractions. No evidence of deviat...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1954-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although no full-scale survey of the prevalence of bilharziasis in Swaziland has been carried out, examinations of schoolchildren have revealed S. mansoni infection rates of up to 49% in some areas, and S. haematobium infection rates ranging from 3% to 75%. The highest prevalence occurs in areas where there are thickl...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1958-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper examines two innovative educational initiatives for the Ecuadorian public health workforce: a Canadian-funded Masters programme in ecosystem approaches to health that focuses on building capacity to manage environmental health risks sustainably; and the training of Ecuadorians at the Latin American School o...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.07.045393
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine whether a complex community intervention in rural Zambia improved understanding of maternal health and increased use of maternal health-care services. METHODS:The intervention took place in six rural districts selected by the Zambian Ministry of Health. It involved community discussions on safe ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.13.122721
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The WHO Alliance for Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020 has increased the need to identify ocular chlamydial infections by clinical examination in areas of both high and low prevalence. The relationship between clinically active trachoma (as defined by clinical examination) and chlamydial infection is known for ar...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To examine infant feeding intentions of HIV-infected and uninfected women and the appropriateness of their choices according to their home resources; and to determine their adherence to their intentions in the first postnatal week. METHODS:Feeding intentions of pregnant women were compared against four resou...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.06.032441
更新日期:2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Enzyme immunoassays represent in many cases the preferred procedure for the detection of antigens or corresponding antibodies. However, many of the current procedures are performed suboptimally. This article reviews the available designs, auxiliary recognition systems, production and purification of antibodies, conjug...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate physical activity during leisure time and commuting among persons aged 15-69 years in the urban population of Tianjin, China, and to assess its associations with demographic and health-related characteristics. METHODS:In 1996 a cross-sectional survey of 2002 males and 1974 females provided inf...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Freeze-fracture studies were made on the parasite and the erythrocyte in P. knowlesi infections. There is a loss of transmembrane integral proteins from the plasma membrane of the schizont-infected erythrocyte and the intraerythrocytic parasite synthesizes new transmembrane proteins as development proceeds. Formation ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This report from the Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Centre, Madras, summarizes the progress over a 5-year period of 193 patients with newly diagnosed, sputum-positive pulmonary tuberculosis who were admitted to a concurrent comparison of home and sanatorium treatment for one year with isoniazid plus PAS. Previous reports h...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:
更新日期:1966-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::At the request of the Ministry of Health of the USSR, a controlled field trial of a polyvaccine containing typhoid, paratyphoid and dysentery antigens and a purified tetanus toxoid was undertaken in 1958. The main object of this trial, which was carried out over a 10-month period simultaneously in four localities, was...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1962-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Objective:To evaluate the changes in sugar and energy labelling of carbonated sugar-sweetened soft drinks after the implementation of a tax on sugar-sweetened drinks in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Methods:We visited nine main supermarkets before (May 2014) and after (April 2018) the tax c...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.19.234542
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The immunizing potency of liquid BCG vaccine prepared by the Tween 80 method was compared with that of control vaccine prepared by the usual grinding method. The former vaccine revealed higher immunizing properties than the latter although its inoculation dose was only one-fifth as great.With sodium glutamate as adjuv...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1957-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Haemagglutination (HA) has been used frequently for the titration of tetanus antitoxin but published results have varied in relation to the "unitage" determined by the mouse toxin-neutralization test (TN). This report gives the results of the titration of a group of sera by haemagglutination and compares them with the...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1970-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To describe mortality from neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in Brazil, 2000-2011. METHODS:We extracted information on cause of death, age, sex, ethnicity and place of residence from the nationwide mortality information system at the Brazilian Ministry of Health. We selected deaths in which the underlying c...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.15.152363
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A modified ovitrap from which larvae could not escape was employed for one year for the control of Aedes aegypti at Blossom Heights, Houston, Texas. At the end of this period, the Breteau index in the ovitrap area had declined by 36%, in contrast to a sharp increase of nearly 500% in the non-ovitrap area. The premises...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Density gradients with metrizamide, a tri-iodinated benzamido derivative of glucose, have been used to separate erythrocytes infected with three species of murine plasmodia. Uninfected erythrocytes separated well from erythrocytes containing parasites in different developmental stages. With metrizamide solutions, the ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Haemosporidia, which comprise the malaria parasites, have probably evolved from Coccidia of the intestinal epithelium of the vertebrate host by adaptation first to some tissues of the internal organs and then to life in the circulating cells of the blood.The present opinion is that, among the malaria parasites of ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1965-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Objective:To estimate the use of hospitals for four essential primary care services offered in health centres in low- and middle-income countries and to explore differences in quality between hospitals and health centres. Methods:We extracted data from all demographic and health surveys conducted since 2010 on the typ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.19.245563
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:Objective:To estimate the level and trend of development assistance for community health worker-related projects in low- and middle-income countries between 2007 and 2017. Methods:We extracted data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's creditor reporting system on aid funding for projects t...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.19.235499
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Four points are made about globalization and health. First, economic integration is a powerful force for raising the incomes of poor countries. In the past 20 years several large developing countries have opened up to trade and investment, and they are growing well--faster than the rich countries. Second, there is no ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The use of BCG vaccine in the prevention of leprosy has been one of the most important subjects of investigation in the field of leprology in the last 25 years. The action of the vaccine was for many years investigated by determining its effect on the lepromin reaction. Field studies were later considered essential to...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1970-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The COVID-19 pandemic has drawn attention to the international agreement governing responses to public health emergencies, with some experts calling for its revision. Lynn Eaton and Gary Humphreys report. ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 新闻
doi:10.2471/BLT.20.020620
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Manpower projections for oral health are generally held to be more accurate than those for other health sectors since the diseases involved and their treatment times can be predicted more precisely. Nevertheless most oral health manpower projections are either overestimates or are not in line with the resources of ind...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00