Mobilizing communities to improve maternal health: results of an intervention in rural Zambia.

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE:To determine whether a complex community intervention in rural Zambia improved understanding of maternal health and increased use of maternal health-care services. METHODS:The intervention took place in six rural districts selected by the Zambian Ministry of Health. It involved community discussions on safe pregnancy and delivery led by trained volunteers and the provision of emergency transport. Volunteers worked through existing government-established Safe Motherhood Action Groups. Maternal health indicators at baseline were obtained from women in intervention (n = 1775) and control districts (n = 1630). The intervention's effect on these indicators was assessed using a quasi-experimental difference-in-difference approach that involved propensity score matching and adjustment for confounders such as education, wealth, parity, age and distance to a health-care facility. FINDINGS:The difference-in-difference comparison showed the intervention to be associated with significant increases in maternal health indicators: 14-16% in the number of women who knew when to seek antenatal care; 10-15% in the number who knew three obstetric danger signs; 12-19% in those who used emergency transport; 22-24% in deliveries involving a skilled birth attendant; and 16-21% in deliveries in a health-care facility. The volunteer drop-out rate was low. The estimated incremental cost per additional delivery involving a skilled birth attendant was around 54 United States dollars, comparable to that of other demand-side interventions in developing countries. CONCLUSION:The community intervention was associated with significant improvements in women's knowledge of antenatal care and obstetric danger signs, use of emergency transport and deliveries involving skilled birth attendants. OBJECTIF:Déterminer si une intervention communautaire complexe dans les zones rurales de la Zambie a amélioré la compréhension de la santé maternelle et augmenté l'utilisation des services de soins de santé maternelle. MÉTHODES:L'intervention a eu lieu dans six districts ruraux choisis par le ministère de la Santé zambien. Cela impliquait des discussions communautaires sur le thème de la grossesse et de l'accouchement sans danger, dirigées par des bénévoles formés, ainsi que la fourniture de transports d'urgence. Les bénévoles ont travaillé par le biais des groupes d'action pour une maternité sans risque existants, créés par le gouvernement. Les indicateurs de santé maternelle de référence ont été obtenus auprès de femmes dans les districts de l'intervention (n = 1 775) et dans les districts témoins (n = 1 630). Les effets de l'intervention sur ces indicateurs ont été évalués à l'aide d'une approche de la différence du deuxième degré quasi expérimentale, qui implique l'appariement et l'ajustement des coefficients de propension, tels que le niveau d'étude, la richesse, la parité, l'âge et la distance pour se rendre à un établissement de soins de santé. RÉSULTATS:La comparaison de la différence du deuxième degré a montré l'intervention à associer aux augmentations significatives des indicateurs de santé maternelle: 14–16% du nombre des femmes qui savaient quand demander des soins prénatals; 10–15% du nombre des femmes qui connaissaient trois signes de dangers obstétricaux; 12–19% du nombre des femmes qui ont utilisé un transport d'urgence; 22–24% des accouchements impliquant un accoucheur qualifié; et 16–21% des accouchements dans un établissement de soins de santé. Le taux d'abandon des bénévoles était faible. Le coût marginal estimé par accouchement supplémentaire impliquant une sage-femme était d'environ 54 dollars, ce qui est comparable aux autres interventions côté demande dans les pays en voie de développement. CONCLUSION:L'intervention communautaire était associée à des améliorations significatives des connaissances des femmes sur les soins prénatals et des signes de dangers obstétricaux, l'utilisation des transports d'urgence et les accouchements impliquant des accoucheurs qualifiés. OBJETIVO:Verificar si una intervención comunitaria compleja en las zonas rurales de Zambia mejoró la comprensión sobre salud materna e incrementó el uso de los servicios de salud maternos. MÉTODOS:La intervención, dirigida por voluntarios capacitados y la provisión de transporte de emergencia, tuvo lugar en seis distritos rurales seleccionados por el Ministerio de Salud de Zambia y consistió en debates comunitarios sobre un embarazo y parto seguros. Los voluntarios trabajaron a través de grupos de acción para una maternidad sin riesgo existentes establecidos por el gobierno. Los indicadores de salud materna en la base de referencia se obtuvieron de las mujeres de los distritos de intervención (n = 1775) y control (n = 1630). Se evaluó el efecto de la intervención en estos indicadores mediante un enfoque de diferencias en diferencias cuasi-experimental que incluyó un emparejamiento por puntaje de propensión y el ajuste por factores de confusión como la educación, la riqueza, la paridad, la edad y la distancia a un centro de atención de salud. RESULTADOS:La comparación de diferencias en diferencias mostró que la intervención se asocia a un aumento significativo en los indicadores de salud materna: 14-16 % en el número de mujeres que sabían cuándo debían buscar atención prenatal; 10-15 % en las mujeres que conocían tres señales de peligro obstétricas; 12-19 % en las que utilizaron el transporte de emergencia; 22-24 % en los partos que necesitaron un matrón capacitado, y 16-21 % en los partos en un centro de atención de salud. La tasa de abandono voluntario fue baja. El coste incremental estimado por parto adicional con un matrón capacitado fue de unos 54 dólares de los Estados Unidos, similar al de otras intervenciones relativas a la demanda en los países en desarrollo. CONCLUSIÓN:La intervención comunitaria se asocia con mejoras significativas en el conocimiento de las mujeres sobre la atención prenatal y las señales de peligro obstétricas, el uso del transporte de emergencia y los partos con matrones capacitados. الغرض:تحديد ما إذا كان التدخل المجتمعي المعقد في المناطق الريفية في زامبيا قد أسفر عن تحسين فهم صحة الأمومة وزيادة استخدام خدمات رعاية صحة الأمومة. الطريقة:تم إجراء التدخل في ست مناطق ريفية اختارتها وزارة الصحة الزامبية. واشتمل على نقاشات مجتمعية حول الحمل المأمون والولادة ترأسها متطوعون مدربون وتوفير النقل في حالات الطوارئ. وعمل المتطوعون من خلال فرق عمل الأمومة المأمونة الحالية التي أنشأتها الحكومة. وتم الحصول على مؤشرات صحة الأمومة عند القيمة القاعدية من النساء لدى التدخل ( العدد = 1775) والمناطق الضابطة ( العدد = 1630). وتم تقييم أثر التدخل على هذه المؤشرات باستخدام نهج الفرق في الاختلاف شبه التجريبي الذي اشتمل على مطابقة نتيجة الميل وتعديل المحددات كالتعليم والثروة والتكافؤ والسن والمسافة إلى مرفق الرعاية الصحية. النتائج:أظهرت مقارنة الفرق في الاختلاف ارتباط التدخل بزيادات كبيرة في مؤشرات صحة الأمومة: من 14 إلى 16 % في عدد النساء اللاتي عرفن أوقات طلب الحصول على خدمات الرعاية السابقة للولادة؛ ومن 10 إلى 15 % في عدد اللاتي عرفن ثلاث علامات من علامات الخطر ذات الصلة بالولادة؛ ومن 12 إلى 19 % في اللاتي استخدمن النقل في حالات الطوارئ؛ ومن 22 إلى 24 % في الولادات التي اشتملت على قابلة ماهرة؛ ومن 16 إلى 21 % في الولادات التي أجريت في مرفق الرعاية الصحية. وانخفض معدل تسرب المتطوعين. وكانت التكلفة التكميلية لكل ولادة إضافية اشتملت على قابلة ماهرة وفق التقديرات حوالي 54 دولاراً أمريكياً، مقارنة بتلك الخاصة بغيرها من تدخلات جانب الطلب في البلدان النامية. الاستنتاج:كان التدخل المجتمعي مرتبطاً بتحسينات كبيرة في معرفة النساء بخدمات الرعاية السابقة للولادة وعلامات الخطر ذات الصلة بالولادة واستخدام النقل في حالات الطوارئ والولادات التي تشتمل على قابلات ماهرات. 目的:确定在赞比亚农村实施的一项综合的社区干预措施是否改善对孕产妇健康的理解并增加对孕产妇保健服务的使用。 方法:在赞比亚卫生部选择的六个农村地区实施干预措施。其中涉及由经过培训志愿者引导的安全怀孕和分娩社区讨论,还涉及提供急救转运。志愿者通过现有由政府建立的母亲安全行动组工作。从干预(n = 1775)和对照区域(n = 1630)的女性获取基线孕产妇健康指标。采用准实验倍差的方法评估干预对这些指标的影响,方法涉及针对教育、财富、平价、年龄以及与医疗设施距离等混杂因素的倾向评分匹配和调整。 结果:倍差比较显示干预与孕产妇健康指标显著增加具有相关性:14-16%的女性知道何时寻求产前护理;10-15%的女性知道三种产科危险信号;12-19%的女性使用了急救转运;22-24%的分娩有熟练接生员参与;16-21%的分娩在健康医疗设施中进行。志愿者退出率比较低。每次使用熟练接生员的额外分娩的估计增量成本约为54 美元,与发展中国家其他需求方面的干预措施的成本相当。 结论:社区干预与妇女产前保健和产科危险信号知识、使用急救转运和使用熟练接生员的分娩等状况显著改善具有相关性。 Цель:Определить, помогло ли проведение комплексных мероприятий в местных сообществах сельских регионов Замбии улучшить понимание в вопросах охраны здоровья матерей и более активному использованию услуг здравоохранения для матерей. Методы:Мероприятия проводились в шести сельских регионах, выбранных Министерством здравоохранения Замбии. В программу мероприятий входили обсуждения с представителями сообщества вопросов о безопасной беременности и родах, проводимые подготовленными волонтерами, а также предоставление автомобилей скорой медицинской помощи. Волонтеры осуществляли свою деятельность путем взаимодействия с организованными правительством Инициативными группами по обеспечению безопасного материнства. Исходные показатели охраны здоровья матерей были получены от участвующих в мероприятиях женщин (n = 1775), а также из контрольных регионов (n = 1630). Влияние мероприятий на эти показатели оценивалось с помощью квазиэкспериментального подхода с оценкой разницы в различиях, что включало в себя непараметрический метод отбора подобного по коэффициенту склонности и внесение поправок для факторов, влияющих на результаты, таких как образование, благосостояние, размер потомства, возраст и расстояние до учреждения здравоохранения. Результаты:Сравнение методом оценки разницы в различиях показало, что проведенные мероприятия значительно улучшили показатели охраны здоровья матерей: на 14–16% увеличилось количество женщин, которые знали, где можно пройти дородовое наблюдение; на 10–15% увеличилось количество людей, знающих три индикатора опасности при родовспоможении; на12–19% увеличилось количество тех, кто воспользовался автомобилями скорой помощи; на 22–24% увеличилось количество родов с участием опытного акушера; и на 16–21% увеличилось количество родов, принятых в учреждениях здравоохранения. Процент отсеявшихся волонтеров был достаточно низким. Расчетное увеличение расходов на роды с участием опытного акушера составило около 54 долларов США, что сравнимо с другими мероприятиями, проводимыми в развивающихся странах по стимулированию спроса на услуги здравоохранения. Вывод:Проведение мероприятий среди местных сообществ привело к значительному повышению уровня знаний женщин о дородовом наблюдении и индикаторах опасности при родовспоможении, как и уровня использования автомобилей скорой помощи и проведения родов с участием опытных акушеров.

authors

Ensor T,Green C,Quigley P,Badru AR,Kaluba D,Kureya T

doi

10.2471/BLT.13.122721

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2014-01-01 00:00:00

pages

51-9

issue

1

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.13.122721

journal_volume

92

pub_type

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  • The toxicity of organophosphorus compounds to mammals.

    abstract::The acute toxicity of most of the commonly used organophosphorus insecticides is essentially the same. A few compounds with low toxicity, such as malathion, have been developed but further efforts in that direction are needed. Most of the organophosphorus insecticides exert a generalized cholinergic action by inhibiti...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: DuBois KP

    更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00

  • A mathematical method for analysing questionnaires.

    abstract::Investigators using questionnaires are usually confronted with an enormous number of different responses whose significance with respect to a particular characteristic is not immediately clear. This paper presents a simple computational technique for determining the relative merits of each question and a score for eac...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Levine A,Roizen P,Rozé P,Christensen H

    更新日期:1972-01-01 00:00:00

  • Sex- and age- specific relations between economic development, economic inequality and homicide rates in people aged 0-24 years: a cross-sectional analysis.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To test whether relations between economic development, economic inequality, and child and youth homicide rates are sex- and age-specific, and whether a country's wealth modifies the impact of economic inequality on homicide rates. METHODS:Outcome variables were homicide rates around 1994 in males and female...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Butchart A,Engström K

    更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00

  • Decentralized care for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the effectiveness of decentralized treatment and care for patients with multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis, in comparison with centralized approaches. METHODS:We searched ClinicalTrials.gov, the Cochrane library, Embase®, Google Scholar, LILACS, PubMed®, Web of Science and the World Health Orga...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.2471/BLT.17.193375

    authors: Ho J,Byrne AL,Linh NN,Jaramillo E,Fox GJ

    更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00

  • Eradication of poliomyelitis in Cuba: a historical perspective.

    abstract::The eradication of poliomyelitis in Cuba, for which effective vaccines had to be acquired, is reviewed in this article. The strategy for eradication was based on mass immunization campaigns for the annual delivery of two doses of trivalent Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Except during the first campaign in 1962, ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Más Lago P

    更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00

  • Rating maternal and neonatal health services in developing countries.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess maternal and neonatal health services in 49 developing countries. METHODS:The services were rated on a scale of 0 to 100 by 10 - 25 experts in each country. The ratings covered emergency and routine services, including family planning, at health centres and district hospitals, access to these servi...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Bulatao RA,Ross JA

    更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00

  • Host-parasite relationship of Bulinus truncatus and Schistosoma haematobium in Iran. 4. Effect of month of infection on cercarial-incubation periods of S. haematobium and S. bovis.

    abstract::Studies were conducted each month for one year to determine the cercarial-incubation periods of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma bovis in Bulinus truncatus for different months of infection. The snails were kept in outdoor aquaria in order to simulate the natural temperature conditions in the endemic bilharzias...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Chu KY,Massoud J,Sabbaghian H

    更新日期:1966-01-01 00:00:00

  • Ivermectin versus benzyl benzoate applied once or twice to treat human scabies in Dakar, Senegal: a randomized controlled trial.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To compare the effectiveness of oral ivermectin (IV) and two different modalities of topical benzyl benzoate (BB) for treating scabies in a community setting. METHODS:The trial included patients aged 5-65 years with scabies who attended the dermatology department at the Institut d'Hygiène Sociale in Dakar, S...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:10.2471/blt.08.052308

    authors: Ly F,Caumes E,Ndaw CA,Ndiaye B,Mahé A

    更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00

  • A controlled field trial of the effectiveness of phenol and alcohol typhoid vaccines: Final report.

    abstract::In order to determine the effectiveness of anti-typhoid vaccines in man a controlled field trial, the first of its kind, was organized in 1954-60 in the town and district of Osijek, Yugoslavia. Heat-killed, phenol-preserved and alcohol-killed, alcohol-preserved anti-typhoid monovaccines were used, with phenolized dyse...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Yugoslav Typhoid Commission.

    更新日期:1962-01-01 00:00:00

  • Participants' understanding of informed consent in clinical trials over three decades: systematic review and meta-analysis.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate the proportion of participants in clinical trials who understand different components of informed consent. METHODS:Relevant studies were identified by a systematic review of PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar and by manually reviewing reference lists for publications up to October 2013. A meta-ana...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.2471/BLT.14.141390

    authors: Tam NT,Huy NT,Thoa le TB,Long NP,Trang NT,Hirayama K,Karbwang J

    更新日期:2015-03-01 00:00:00