Abstract:
:Over the last 15 years, genetically modified mice have added important data to our knowledge on psychiatric diseases including anxiety. This has produced many behavioural publications, partially by non-behaviourists, in which differences between mutants and normal wild-type animals were described. The popularity of these novel tools allowing the study of new mechanisms also, however, led to observations that could not be confirmed. This review attempts to summarize various factors that can lead to difficult and partially incorrect interpretation of data collected in anxiety-related paradigms. These pitfalls are explained by using virtual data. Our analysis illustrates that determining anxiety in rodents is more complicated than measuring a single parameter in a particular paradigm. It is important to use proper controls such as additional measures in the same or other procedures, as well as a conservative estimation of the chance of finding an actual effect. In this way, it is possible to enhance confidence in the findings. Alternative explanations for findings, like side effects or main effects in a different domain, such as cognition, should always be taken into account. Finally, several examples from the literature are presented as illustrations of the theoretical issues discussed. We believe that considering the pitfalls presented here will help researchers to design optimized experiments that can be more readily interpreted and replicated across laboratories.
journal_name
Behav Pharmacoljournal_title
Behavioural pharmacologyauthors
Bouwknecht JA,Paylor Rdoi
10.1097/FBP.0b013e32830c3658subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-09-01 00:00:00pages
385-402issue
5-6eissn
0955-8810issn
1473-5849pii
00008877-200809000-00004journal_volume
19pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::In a step-down passive avoidance task, the pre-training injection of 1.25-10 mg/kg of morphine impaired memory. This was restored when injection of the same dose of morphine (pre-test treatment) was repeated 24 h later (morphine state-dependent learning: morphine St-D). ATP-dependent potassium (K(ATP)) channels have b...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00008877-200403000-00002
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intact and gonadectomized male and female rats pressed a lever to obtain food on different fixed-ratio (FR) schedules in a three-component multiple schedule. The values of a small, intermediate and large FR schedule were individually determined and were higher for intact male rats than for most subjects in the other g...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00008877-199410000-00006
更新日期:1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Early-life administration of risperidone, the most widely used antipsychotic drug in children, leads to persistently elevated locomotor activity in adult rats. This study determined whether and when elevated locomotor activity emerges during developmental risperidone administration. Developing and adult rats were admi...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/FBP.0000000000000230
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cannabinoid receptor (CBR) agonists produce antinociception in conventional preclinical assays of pain-stimulated behavior but are not effective in preclinical assays of pain-depressed behavior. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors increase physiological levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide, which may conf...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/FBP.0000000000000023
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Some reports suggest that older patients are less responsive to antidepressants than young adults, but this idea has not been fully supported. Here, we investigated the role of aging in the behavioral effects of the antidepressants, desipramine (DMI) (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (FLX) (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) in ...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/FBP.0000000000000175
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sex-dependent differences have been consistently described in cannabinoid addiction research. In particular, we recently reported that female Lister Hooded rats display greater self-administration of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 (WIN) and stronger reinstatement of cannabinoid-seeking behavior than ...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/FBP.0000000000000395
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Drugs that increase monoamine neurotransmission are effective in both anxiety and depression. The therapeutic effects of monoamine-based antidepressant drugs may involve indirect effects on neurotransmission through α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid glutamate receptors (AMPAR). Thus, chronic antidep...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/FBP.0000000000000243
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recently, we have described a new model of chronic social stress in rats, based on the resident-intruder paradigm. In this model, rats show behavioural changes that may be considered correlates of depressive symptoms, such as anhedonia and motivational deficits. The present study was designed for pharmacological valid...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/01.fbp.0000186631.53851.71
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Post-training administration of different doses of baclofen (a GABAB agonist) has been shown to impair memory retention, in a step-down passive avoidance test in mice. We have studied the effects of beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists on baclofen-induced memory impairment in mice. Dobutamine (a beta 1-agonist) or...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/01.fbp.0000137211.95623.07
更新日期:2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Separate groups of rats were trained to discriminate either 0.1mg/kg (low dose; L) or 2.5mg/kg (high dose; H) of 8-OH-DPAT from saline, in a standard operant task. Both cues were found to be dose, time and route dependent and generalized completely to the 5-HT(1A) agonists ipsapirone and flesinoxan. Buspirone substitu...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic morphine-induced withdrawal syndrome after morphine cessation remains a severe obstacle in the clinical treatment of morphine. Previous studies have shown that nitric oxide synthetase (NOS) inhibitors may have therapeutic potential in morphine withdrawal in humans. The mechanisms that underlie expression of mo...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/FBP.0b013e3282f18da6
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Methoxetamine (MXE) is a chemical analogue of ketamine. Originally proposed as a ketamine-like fast-acting antidepressant, owing to similar N-methyl-D-aspartate blocker properties, it is now scheduled for reports of hallucinations and psychosis similar to ketamine and lysergic acid. As little is known about the addict...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/FBP.0000000000000221
更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In spite of the current availability of several pharmacological therapies for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, side effects are invariably manifested during long-term treatment. Dyskinesia, wearing-off and on-off are among the most disabling side effects produced by the dopamine precursor L-dihydroxyphenylalanine...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00008877-200609000-00005
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Much evidence has shown that the inferior colliculus may be part of a brain system commanding defensive behavior. In the present work, evidence is presented for the serotonergic modulation of the neural substrate of aversive states elaborated in this structure. Rats implanted with a cannula in the inferior colliculus ...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00008877-199506000-00012
更新日期:1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although the dopaminergic pharmacology of the D1 receptor full agonists, dinapsoline, dihydrexidine and the prodrug ABT-431 have been studied, no information is available on the ability of these agonists to substitute for the D1 agonist SKF 38393 in rats trained to discriminate this compound from vehicle. The present ...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00008877-200402000-00010
更新日期:2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of the present experiment was to assess the degree of tolerance and cross-tolerance to the response rate-decreasing effects of opioids with different degrees of intrinsic efficacy at the mu receptor. The mu opioids included buprenorphine, etorphine, l-methadone, morphine, and sufentanil. Lever pressing of ...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Behavioral sensitization to amphetamine-like psychostimulants is manifest as a progressive increase in drug-induced anxiety and paranoia which can culminate in psychopathologies, such as paranoid psychosis and panic attacks. Sensitization may also mediate the facilitation of drug relapse in addicts by increasing the r...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, produces excitotoxicity through its agonistic action on postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, resulting in neurodegeneration. We hypothesized that the administration of low doses of glutamate in cerebral ischemia could attenuate the excitotoxicity in neuron...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/FBP.0000000000000256
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Evidence of observational learning (social learning) is present in many species. One such task is the one-trial taste-avoidance task, in which Actor chicks peck a bead coated with an aversant substance. Observer chicks learn to avoid beads that are similar in appearance to the one presented to the Actors. It has been ...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/FBP.0000000000000130
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Benzodiazepines are generally reported to be active in tests based on punished responding and in procedures involving exploratory behaviour, but the effects of 5-HT drugs thus far reported are inconsistent. The effects of the two 5-HT(1A) agonists 8-OH-DPAT and buspirone were studied in a passive avoidance test and in...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1991-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A large body of data suggests that potassium channels may play an important role in learning and memory. Previous in-vitro research in a number of species including Hermissenda and the rabbit suggests that a 4-aminopyridine-sensitive transient potassium channel may be involved in classical conditioning. We investigate...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/01.fbp.0000224381.56121.15
更新日期:2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neuropsychiatric disorders, such as addiction, are associated with cognitive impairment, including learning and memory deficits. Previous research has demonstrated that the chronic use of methamphetamine (METH) induces long-term cognitive impairment and cannabidiol (CBD), as a neuroprotectant, can reverse spatial memo...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/FBP.0000000000000544
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this experiment was to examine the substitution patterns produced by opioids with activity at the mu receptor in pigeons trained to discriminate the delta opioid BW373U86 from saline. A low dose of naltrindole (0.1 mg/kg) produced at least a 16-fold rightward shift in the dose-effect curve for the stimu...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The dopamine agonist apomorphine (apo) elicits stereotyped pecking bouts in pigeons, a response which increases with successive apo injections. The present study sought, first, to confirm the hypothesis that this sensitization arises through a Pavlovian conditioning driven by both external and internal cues; and, seco...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00008877-200312000-00007
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cocaine addicts very often use different combinations of cocaine and other drugs of abuse such as gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the impact of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid administration on the rewarding actions of cocaine, using the conditioned place preference procedure. Co...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/01.fbp.0000190685.84984.ec
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A range of selective dopamine D1 and D2 receptor agonists and antagonists was used to characterize to the discriminative stimuli produced by d-amphetamine (0.5mg/kg) and the D1 agonists SKF 81297 (0.1mg/kg). In rats trained to discriminate d-amphetamine (0.5mg/kg) from saline, d-amphetamine produced a dose-related inc...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1993-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Scopolamine has been used in neuropsychopharmacology as a standard drug that leads to symptoms mimicking cognitive deficits seen during the aging process in healthy humans and animals. Scopolamine is known to be a nonselective muscarinic receptor blocker, but its chronic effect on the expression of certain hippocampal...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/FBP.0b013e32835a38af
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) represent a novel class of potential antipsychotic compounds. These principles increase the level of cAMP and cGMP in the medium spiny neurons of the striatum and resemble the neurochemical consequences of dopamine D2 receptor inhibition and dopamine D1 receptor stimulation...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/FBP.0000000000000201
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study was designed to explore whether differences in the psychomotor, subjective and memory effects of different benzodiazepines (BDZ) relate to differences in their potencies. Two BDZs with similar kinetics but different potencies were compared. Flunitrazepam (0.5 and 1.0mg, nitrazepam (5 and 10mg) or placebo we...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::We report here that local hippocampal WIN-55,212-2 implants release this cannabinoid agonist for extended periods, the release is restricted to the implanted brain region and is behaviorally active. Radiolabeled WIN-55,212-2 was implanted bilaterally into the CA3 region of the dorsal hippocampus by means of fused sili...
journal_title:Behavioural pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/FBP.0b013e3282d9e9f9
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00