Abstract：
:Evidence is emerging that exposure to mercury (Hg) may elicit many pathological manifestations, including immunomodulation. We tested whether changing cellular activation pathways may affect the immunomodulation by Hg. Human cell cultures were set up where isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, activated by monoclonal antibodies (MoAb: anti-CD3/-CD28/-CD40) or heat-killed Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (hk-SE), exposed to mercuric chloride (HgCl2) for 24 h. Cell vitality was assessed by MTT assay, and modulation of cytokine profiles were monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), intracellular cytokine staining and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results show that Hg doses above 15 ng/ml significantly reduced cell vitality (P < 0.05). Lower doses elicited distinct effects on T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokine expression depending on cellular activation pathways. In MoAb-stimulated cells, interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 production was reduced. Doses up to 0.150 and 0.5 microg/ml increased IL-10 and IL-4 production, respectively, resulting in significantly reduced Th1/Th2 ratios. Stimulation by hk-SE, however, elevated Th1/Th2 ratios due to induction of IFN-gamma versus IL-10 production. Taken together, we conclude that low-level exposure to Hg, in the absence of inflammation, polarizes the immune response toward Th2, but not in the case of Th1-polarized responses elicited by Salmonella antigens that can be promoted instead. This demonstrates differential in vitro effects of Hg on the Th1/Th2 balance produced by different stimuli, which may have important experimental and scientific implications.
journal_name
Clin Exp Immunoljournal_title
Clinical and experimental immunologyauthors
Hemdan NY,Lehmann I,Wichmann G,Lehmann J,Emmrich F,Sack Udoi
10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03338.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-05-01 00:00:00pages
325-37issue
2eissn
0009-9104issn
1365-2249pii
CEI3338journal_volume
148pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Complement convertases are enzymatic complexes that play a central role in sustaining and amplification of the complement cascade. Impairment of complement function leads directly or indirectly to pathological conditions, including higher infection rate, kidney diseases, autoimmune- or neurodegenerative diseases and i...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/cei.12388
更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glucocorticoids (GC) play an important role in the treatment of inflammatory diseases like asthma. However, in selected patients a relative resistance to GC has been reported. Recently, it has been suggested that GC sensitivity of peripheral blood leucocytes may be regulated in a dynamic fashion during exercise, in as...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00482.x
更新日期：1998-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Clinically, corticosteroids (CS) are among the first line drugs in the therapy of autoimmune and allergic diseases and potently inhibit the activation of immune cells. However, due to their pleiotropic mode of action, the prolonged use of CS is generally associated with a range of undesirable side-effects. In this stu...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02225.x
更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An attempt was made to correlate lymphocyte subset abnormalities with the development of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAIT) in thymectomized and irradiated rats of five inbred strains. The peripheral blood subpopulations were analysed using the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS-IV). A significant lympho...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1987-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 97 predominantly lepromatous leprosy patients and 11 control subjects were tested in a lymphoproliferative assay for response to Mycobacterium leprae (whole and sonicated), and sonicated M. vaccae, M. tuberculosis, and M. scrofulaceum, in the presence and absence of three types ...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We determined the histamine release from basophils in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF) (median 17.2 years of age) and compared the data with an age-matched group of healthy donors. No significant differences in the basophil counts were determined between the CF and control groups. However, the absolute his...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1989-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Calf sub-mandibular lymph node lymphocytes and human peripheral blood lymphocytes were oxidized by NaIO4. In liquid cell cultures, both types of cells were transformed with enhanced DNA synthesis. In mixed lymphocyte cultures, untreated human lymphocytes were transformed by irradiated-oxidized human cells. However, un...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We report the immunological studies on three transplantable lymphoma lines that developed when CAF1 mice were injected with busulfan and chloramphenicol. The lymphoma cells displayed Thy-1.2, brain associated antigen, and H-2d alloantigen. They were negative for surface IgM and Ia antigens. Expression of T cell differ...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Erythrocyte C3b receptors (ECR1) have been measured in 122 pairs of twins (60 monozygotic, 62 dizygotic) using an [125I]-labelled monoclonal antibody (E11). The range of ECR1 numbers was wide, 99-4179 sites/cell, with a log-normal distribution around a geometric mean of 837 sites/cell. The intra-pair variance in dizyg...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1987-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In a study of 75 alveolar cell co-cultures from 55 HIV-seropositive subjects, p24 antigen production was identified by ELISA in 11 out of 26 (42%) of unseparated cell cultures, 15 out of 39 (38%) purified alveolar macrophage cultures and eight out of 10 purified alveolar lymphocyte samples. Positivity in unseparated c...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Summary Herpes simplex virus (HSV) represents a smart pathogen, which displays both lytic and latent modes of interaction with its natural human host. In order to be optimally equipped for immune evasion and to reply to any attacks of the host during reactivation, HSV has developed a multitude of cleverly devised defe...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02927.x
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Histone can mediate the binding of both free DNA and DNA complexed to anti-DNA antibody to the glomerular capillary wall. We tested whether performed histone-DNA-anti-DNA immune complexes (IC) could bind to the glomerular capillary wall. The immune complex, generated with anti-DNA antibody derived from an SLE patient ...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-658.x
更新日期：1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic, remittent, erosive arthritis was produced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of an aqueous suspension of cell wall fragments isolated from group A streptococci. Arthritis could be induced in rats which had been immunologically compromised by neonatal thymectomy. Delayed hypersensitivity to cell wal...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The relation of clinical and laboratory findings at the time clinical presentation to subsequent survival was investigated in 204 patients with macroglobulinaemia. It was found that the ten following clinical and laboratory parameters were of prognostic significance and a further twelve were not. The best prognoses we...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1977-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Live Mycobacterium lepraemurium or 60Co-gamma-irradiated organisms stimulated a very weak oxidative burst compared with similar numbers of heat-killed organisms or with live M. microti. This was found to reflect the poor uptake of the living organisms rather than an absolute failure to stimulate an oxidative burst. It...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Four murine monoclonal antibodies having high levels of activity against phosphatidyl-inositol phosphate (PIP) were tested for lupus anticoagulant activity. The antibodies showed different degrees of potency in a modified partial thromboplastin time test (APTT) that used dilutions of either bovine brain extract (Throm...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1987-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells may play a role in the different clinical presentations of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection by suppressing CD4+ T cell responses. Peripheral CD4+CD25+ T cells from chronic HCV carriers with normal and abnormal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were analysed for specificity and effect...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03048.x
更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The C77G polymorphism in exon A of the human CD45 gene occurs with low frequency in healthy individuals. An enhanced frequency of C77G individuals has been reported in cohorts of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, autoimmune hepatitis, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1. ...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03508.x
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent evidence suggests that T cell apoptosis could be involved in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. As the progression of HIV-2 associated disease appears to be slower than that of HIV-1, we investigated whether there were differences in the degree of T cell death and apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cel...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06123.x
更新日期：1994-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:T cells are thought to play an important regulatory role in atopic asthma. We hypothesized that human blood and BAL T cell subsets bearing various TCR-Vbeta genes might show selective differences in their cytokine profile. Peripheral blood (PB) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) T cells from seven atopic asthmatic and s...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01847.x
更新日期：2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hyperlipidaemia accompanies chronic renal disease either as a consequence of the renal dysfunction or as part of generalized metabolic derangements. Under both situations, the lipid profile is characterized by accumulation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRLs). This lipid profile is recognized as a risk factor for...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/cei.13111
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Strain variation in capacity to develop peripheral blood eosinophilia was observed in inbred NIH and C57BL/10 (B10) mice exposed to parasite antigens by infection or by parenteral injection in Freund's complete adjuvant. NIH mice were good responders, showing rapid development of high eosinophil counts, B10 mice were ...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1983-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis. Historically believed to be a relatively rare human disease in tropical countries, a recent study estimated that, worldwide, there are approximately 165 000 human melioidosis cases per year, more than half of whom die. The bacterium is inherently resista...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/cei.13286
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The potential value of interleukin 1 (IL-1) containing supernatants as a radioprotective agent was evaluated. It was found that the response of irradiated thymocytes to mitogens was partially restored if IL-1 containing supernatants was included in the culture medium immediately after irradiation. A delay of 24 h in t...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Using quantitative morphometric analysis of immunohistochemically stained tissue sections we compared hypertrophic obstructive adenoids (HOA, n = 10) from children without middle ear disease with chronically infected adenoids (CIA, n = 10) from children with middle ear disease. gamma delta T cell receptor (TCR)+ cells...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-825.x
更新日期：1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We examined the effect of IL-6 on the development of autoimmune diseases (primary biliary cirrhosis, Sjögren's syndrome) employing murine graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) model with MHC class II disparity. For this purpose, we used IL-6 transgenic (B6.6) mice in which a high level of IL-6 was detected. C57Bl/6 (B6) s...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb07030.x
更新日期：1994-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We describe a system for studying the interaction of human, single donor platelets and aggregated human IgG adherent to erythrocyte stroma (ES/Agg IgG) and report the role of monomeric IgG and C1q in this interaction. Monomeric IgG inhibits platelet aggregation by the ES/Agg IgG and acts on the platelet surface. Compl...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1983-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bullous pemphigoid is a blistering skin disease characterized by autoantibodies against the NC16a domain of bullous pemphigoid 180. This study was performed to characterize and map the fine specificity of T cell responses to NC16a. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from a total of 28 bullous pemphigoid patient...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1111/cei.12566
更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fifty sera which gave ring-like nuclear staining in immunofluorescence on rat liver tissue sections were characterized. Using immunoprecipitation and Western blotting we showed that 10 of the sera contained antibodies to 200 kD polypeptide(s) of nuclear envelope. Clinical and biological data were available for nine of...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1988-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that develops as a result of the interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. Although increasing evidence shows the importance of genes in determining the risk of RA, it is clear that environmental factors also have a vital role. Studies to da...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04263.x
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
