Abstract：
:Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) affects several CNS functions such as regulation of sleep, body temperature, and feeding during pathology. There is also evidence for TNFalpha involvement in physiological sleep regulation, e.g., TNFalpha induces sleep and brain levels of TNFalpha increase during prolonged wakefulness. The immediate cause of enhanced TNFalpha production in brain is unknown. We investigated whether glutamate could signal TNFalpha production because glutamate is a neurotransmitter associated with cell activation and wakefulness. We used primary cultures of fetal rat hypothalamic cells to examine the expression and release of TNFalpha. Immunostaining for neuron specific enolase revealed that the cultures were 50-60% neuronal and 40-50% non-neuronal cells. TNFalpha was detected in both the media and cells under basal conditions. Stimulation of the cells with 1 mM glutamate for 2 h produced an increase in media content of TNFalpha, whereas cell content was elevated at earlier time points. Using trypan blue exclusion and MTT assays, there was no evidence of cell toxicity with this stimulation protocol. Immunocytochemical staining revealed that TNFalpha was expressed by approximately 25% of the neurons and approximately 75% of the glial cell in the culture. Stimulation of the cultures with glutamate did not increase the percentage of cells expressing TNFalpha. We conclude that TNFalpha is constitutively expressed and released by healthy cultures of hypothalamic cells and that activation of the cells with a non-toxic challenge of glutamate increases TNFalpha production. These findings support the hypothesis that TNFalpha can participate in normal physiological regulation of sleep and feeding.
journal_name
Brain Resjournal_title
Brain researchauthors
De A,Krueger JM,Simasko SMdoi
10.1016/j.brainres.2005.06.044subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-08-16 00:00:00pages
54-61issue
1-2eissn
0006-8993issn
1872-6240pii
S0006-8993(05)00890-5journal_volume
1053pub_type
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