Abstract:
:The natural history of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is characterized by a relentless decline in CD4-positive lymphocytes and the ultimate development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, variables other than the CD4-positive lymphocyte level contribute to the measurement of risk for AIDS and can be used as predictors of AIDS onset. This study was undertaken to identify factors that, independently of the CD4-positive lymphocyte level, would predict the risk of AIDS over 24 months in a cohort of HIV-1 seropositive homosexual men receiving no antiretroviral therapy. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data from 1,325 white, HIV-1 seropositive participants in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study who have been studied for 4 years were analyzed with univariate and multivariate methods. To control for stage of infection, the baseline percentage of CD4-positive lymphocytes (a known marker of disease progression), and the decline of CD4-positive cells during the first 6 months of observation were used as continuous variables. The variables that were independently associated with an increased risk of developing AIDS were: low baseline CD4 percentage, decline in the CD4 percentage during the first 6 months of follow-up, the presence of serum immunoglobulin A at baseline, decrease in hemoglobin during the first 6 months of follow-up, incident fatigue, and the interaction of decline in the CD4 percentage and incident thrush. While low CD4 percentage and other variables have been previously described as prognostic markers, decline in the CD4 percentage and the interaction of that decline and incident thrush have not previously been described as being of prognostic importance. These variables and the analytic method for estimating prognosis may prove useful for selecting and evaluating antiretroviral therapy, instituting prophylactic measures against certain opportunistic infections, and recruitment into clinical trials. Because study participants received no antiretroviral prophylaxis during the period under analysis, the method could be used to estimate the prognosis for those receiving investigational treatment were they to remain untreated, effectively making any participant in a clinical trial his own untreated control.
journal_name
Am J Epidemioljournal_title
American journal of epidemiologyauthors
Saah AJ,Muñoz A,Kuo V,Fox R,Kaslow RA,Phair JP,Rinaldo CR Jr,Detels R,Polk BFdoi
10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116215subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1992-05-15 00:00:00pages
1147-55issue
10eissn
0002-9262issn
1476-6256journal_volume
135pub_type
临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究abstract::This study investigated blood pressure in 1,183 Chinese nuclear families (mother, father, and first two children) via a cross-sectional 1994-1997 survey. The mother's, the father's, and the first sibling's blood pressures were each significantly and independently related to the second sibling's blood pressure after ad...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009828
更新日期:1999-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The authors conducted a prospective study of risk factors for intrauterine growth retardation (birth weight less than a standard (race- and sex-adjusted) 10th percentile for gestational age) and preterm birth (birth prior to 37 weeks gestation) in a high-risk, inner-city, obstetric population, with special interest in...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115244
更新日期:1989-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gender and cigarette smoking are among the most consistent predictors of bladder cancer risk. After adjustment for known risk factors, an excess risk remains for males, suggesting that other factors may be responsible for the gender differences. Given limited data on hormonal or reproductive factors and bladder cancer...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwj028
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Contemporary searches for new risk factors frequently involve genome-wide explorations of very large numbers of candidate risk variants. Given that diseases can often be classified into subtypes that possess evidence of etiologic heterogeneity, the question arises as to whether or not a search for new risk factors wou...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kws128
更新日期:2012-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this study was to determine whether there was a relation between male exposure to pesticides and the amount of time needed to conceive (time to pregnancy) for farmers and agricultural workers in France and Denmark. The authors used retrospective studies to compare the time to pregnancy of couples in which t...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009975
更新日期:1999-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::The World Health Organization (Geneva, Switzerland) and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (Bethesda, Maryland) have developed standard categories of body mass index (BMI) (calculated as weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) of less than 18.5 (underweight), 18.5-24.9 (normal weight), 25.0-29.9 (overweight), and 30.0 o...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1093/aje/kwu111
更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rabies virus was isolated by cell culture from the brains of 104 confirmed rabies cases diagnosed by the fluorescent-antibody staining technique in the United States during 1974-1984. Eighty-seven isolates were obtained from wild-life species, 10 from humans, and seven from domestic animals. These isolates were tested...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/126.2.298
更新日期:1987-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In a 1995-1996 cohort study in the city of Dhaka, Bangladesh, morbidity in 117 hospitalized and 137 acute measles cases compared with age-matched children without measles (unexposed) was determined by weekly interview for 6 months. Compared with unexposed children, there were higher incidences of hospitalization (adju...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010267
更新日期:2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Family studies of exceptional longevity can potentially identify genetic and other factors contributing to long life and healthy aging. Although such studies seek families that are exceptionally long lived, they also need living members who can provide DNA and phenotype information. On the basis of these consideration...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwp309
更新日期:2009-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::Serum hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titers were monitored for five years with samples from 79 keratoconjunctivitis patients with type 8 adenovirus (AV-8) infection. Geometric mean antibody titers declined from 1:161 at the peak of the epidemic to 1:56 after five years. Computerized analysis of the decline ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112797
更新日期:1979-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the present study, the authors investigated the role of the intrauterine environment in childhood adiposity by comparing the maternal-offspring body mass index (BMI) association with the paternal-offspring BMI association when the offspring were 3 years of age, using parental prepregnancy BMI (measured as weight in...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kws134
更新日期:2012-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::Epigenetic information encoded in covalent modifications of DNA and histone proteins regulates fundamental biological processes through the action of chromatin regulators, transcription factors, and noncoding RNA species. Epigenetic plasticity enables an organism to respond to developmental and environmental signals w...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwv187
更新日期:2016-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::This study evaluated 3 index-based dietary patterns-Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2005, HEI-2010, and Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI)-2010-in relation to ovarian cancer risk in African-American women. The study was conducted among 415 ovarian cancer cases and 629 age- and site-matched controls of African-American d...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1093/aje/kwx022
更新日期:2017-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::In some studies, use of vitamin supplements has been inversely associated with the risk of several chronic diseases, but little is known about whether vitamin use affects the risk of diabetes mellitus. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, the author exam...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/153.9.892
更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In public health, it has long been observed that "place"-specifically, where one lives-affects individual health, with the main research question distinguishing between the effects of "context" (defined as area characteristics) and "composition" (the characteristics of inhabitants) on health outcomes. There have been ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwx085
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A nested case-control hospital study and a midwife-based community cohort study were conducted in Central Sudan during 1989 and 1990 to assess the contribution of mesoendemic malaria to low birth weight. Malarial infection was determined by maternal history, parasitology, and histopathology. There were significant ass...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116861
更新日期:1993-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The relation between allergy and risk of cancer was evaluated in a cohort study of 34,198 Seventh-day Adventists in California. Information on prevalence of asthma, hay fever, and reactions to chemicals, medications, bee stings, and poison oak (or ivy) was obtained by questionnaire in 1976. The reported allergies must...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116494
更新日期:1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ecologic (aggregate) data are widely available and widely utilized in epidemiologic studies. However, ecologic bias, which arises because aggregate data cannot characterize within-group variability in exposure and confounder variables, can only be removed by supplementing ecologic data with individual-level data. Here...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwm386
更新日期:2008-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::Senile macular degeneration is a leading cause of visual loss in the United States, England, and probably many other industrialized countries. The clinical manifestations of this disease include: drusen, atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium, serous detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium, subretinal neovascu...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113624
更新日期:1983-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Maternal angiogenic factors (placental growth factor, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (Flt-1), and soluble endoglin) may be associated with fetal growth restriction, and the associations may differ according to stage of pregnancy. Among children born to pregnant women without preeclampsia in Norway between 1992 and...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwq373
更新日期:2011-03-15 00:00:00
abstract::Inflammatory processes are known to drive the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer disease, as well as all-cause mortality. Emerging research indicates that women who have a longer reproductive life span-roughly determined as the period from menarche to menopause or ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwz266
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In his 1976 paper "Estimability and Estimation in Case-Referent Studies" (Am J Epidemiol. 1976;103(2):226-235), Miettinen weaved together a patchwork of new ideas into a coherent view of case-control studies. His article spurred theoretical development in epidemiologic methods and became a platform for teaching about ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwx074
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The authors abstracted a sample of 7,536 hospital medical records to validate the accuracy of the coding of obstetric information on 1) birth certificates, 2) a statewide computerized hospital discharge abstract data system, and 3) a linked file merging birth certificates and the hospital abstract data for Washington ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116834
更新日期:1993-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::Both early life and adult socioeconomic status (SES) predict late-life level of memory; however, evidence is mixed on the relationship between SES and rate of memory decline. Further, the relative importance of different life-course periods for rate of late-life memory decline has not been evaluated. We examined assoc...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwx155
更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The authors investigated whether red blood cell distribution width (RDW) was associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and mortality in a community cohort in Taiwan. The influence of anemia on the association was also assessed. RDW levels were measured in 3,226 participants aged 35 years o...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwp360
更新日期:2010-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::In the Nepal Blindness Survey, 39,887 people in 105 sites were examined by 10 ophthalmologists from Nepal and four other countries during 1981. Ophthalmic protocols were pretested on approximately 3000 subjects; however, interobserver variability was inevitable. To quantify the amount of variability and assess the rel...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113633
更新日期:1983-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The objective of this study was to analyze the factors associated with functional decline and improvement in a community-dwelling population of people aged 75 years and older. A representative sample of elderly people living at home in the city of Sherbrooke (Quebec, Canada) was assessed yearly on three occasions (199...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010039
更新日期:1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many nonrandomized interventions rely upon a pre-post design to evaluate effectiveness. Such designs cannot account for events external to the intervention that may produce the outcome. We describe a method to construct a surveillance registry-based comparison group, which allows for estimating the effectiveness of th...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwy103
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::We estimated associations between neighborhood supermarket gain or loss and glycemic control (assessed by glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values) in patients from the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Diabetes Registry (n = 434,806 person-years; 2007-2010). Annual clinical measures were linked to metrics from a geogra...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwx017
更新日期:2017-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::The authors assessed the influence of age, period, and cohort effects on rates of preterm delivery in the United States. Rates of preterm delivery for singleton births (<37 weeks) in seven age groups (15-19, 20-24,., 45-49 years), five periods (1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995), and 11 maternal birth cohorts (1926-1930, 1...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/154.7.657
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00