Toxicology of simple and complex mixtures.

abstract：:Methylphenidate (Ritalin), a psychostimulant used in the treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, has pharmacological effects similar to cocaine and amphetamine. Clinical use of methylphenidate, as well as diversion and abuse, have significantly increased during the past 10-15 years, heightening concerns...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Yano M,Steiner H

更新日期：2007-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed nations. Therapeutic modulation of dyslipidemia by inhibiting 3'-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase is standard practice throughout the world. However, based on findings from Mendelian ...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Sathiyakumar V,Kapoor K,Jones SR,Banach M,Martin SS,Toth PP

更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neuromodulin is a neurospecific calmodulin binding protein that is implicated in neurite extension, axonal elongation and long-term potentiation. Yuechueng Liu and Daniel Storm propose that neuromodulin binds and concentrates calmodulin on growth cone membranes and that stimulation of protein kinase C releases high lo...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Liu YC,Storm DR

更新日期：1990-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cannabinoids have emerged as powerful drug candidates for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases due to their immunosuppressive properties. Significant clinical and experimental data on the use of cannabinoids as anti-inflammatory agents exist in many autoimmune disease settings, but virtually no studie...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Nagarkatti M,Rieder SA,Hegde VL,Kanada S,Nagarkatti P

更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Salvinorin A, a neoclerodane diterpene, is the most potent naturally occurring hallucinogen known and rivals the synthetic hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide in potency. Recently, the molecular target of salvinorin A was identified as the kappa opioid receptor (KOR). Salvinorin A represents the only known non-nit...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Sheffler DJ,Roth BL

更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Within five years of discovering endothelin (ET-1) in 1988, the first report of an orally available ET receptor antagonist was published. Within twelve years, bosentan, the first ET receptor antagonist to gain marketing authorization, was made available for the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). Since t...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Dhaun N,Pollock DM,Goddard J,Webb DJ

更新日期：2007-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is an endogenous protein known to have potent anti-inflammatory properties in the peripheral system. It has also been detected in the brain, but its function there is still ambiguous. In this review, we have, for the first time, collated the evidence currently available on the function of ANXA1 in t...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Solito E,McArthur S,Christian H,Gavins F,Buckingham JC,Gillies GE

更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cys loop, glutamate, and P2X receptors are ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) with 5, 4, and 3 protomers, respectively. There is now growing atomic level understanding of their gating mechanisms. Although each family is unique in the architecture of the ligand-binding pocket, the pathway for motions to propagate from l...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Du J,Dong H,Zhou HX

更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:For many years the prevailing view of how steroid hormone receptors exert their effects on gene transcription has been that these intracellular receptor proteins, upon association with their specific cognate ligands, undergo a transformation to a state where they are capable of interacting with chromatin and regulatin...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Power RF,Conneely OM,O'Malley BW

更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The broad importance of receptor-activated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the physiological action of hormones, neurotransmitters and growth factors has sparked interest in the study of transmembrane signalling events responsible for activation of phospholipase C. As with receptors involved in regulation of adenylyl c...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Boyer JL,Hepler JR,Harden TK

更新日期：1989-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) have many etiologies compounded by limited options for treatment. The lack of successful treatments for these disorders stems from the difficulty of gaining effective access to the CNS through the blood-brain barrier, and the irreplaceable nature of neurons. Here, we revie...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Valente LA,Begg LR,Filiano AJ

更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Heat shock proteins (HSPs) constitute a large family of proteins involved in protein folding and maturation whose expression is induced by heat shock or other stressors. The major groups are classified based on their molecular weights and include HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, and large HSPs. HSPs play a significa...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Wu J,Liu T,Rios Z,Mei Q,Lin X,Cao S

更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Benzodiazepines in clinical use have a range of pharmacological activities. Some, e.g. sedation, tolerance and addiction, are not welcome. Undesirable side-effects of drugs are often controlled by developing compounds that bind more selectively to one particular receptor subtype. An alternative approach, discussed her...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Haefely W,Martin JR,Schoch P

更新日期：1990-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Network and systems biology offer a novel way of approaching drug discovery by developing models that consider the global physiological environment of protein targets, and the effects of modifying them, without losing the key molecular details. Here we review some recent advances in network and systems biology applied...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Pujol A,Mosca R,Farrés J,Aloy P

更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lithium is the simplest therapeutic agent available for the treatment of depression and has been used for over 100 years, yet no definitive mechanism for its effect has been established. Among the proposed mechanisms, two lithium-sensitive signal transduction pathways are active in the brain; these are mediated by gly...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Williams RS,Harwood AJ

更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The tachykinin family has recently been extended by the discovery of a third tachykinin gene encoding previously unknown mammalian tachykinins (hemokinin 1, endokinin A and endokinin B) that have a widespread peripheral distribution and a tachykinin NK(1) receptor selectivity. This and the identification of other tach...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Patacchini R,Lecci A,Holzer P,Maggi CA

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The use of genetically-engineered mice has identified alpha2- and alpha3-subunit containing GABA(A) receptors as principal contributors to the spinal disinhibition that occurs after inflammation and neuropathic injury. Pharmacological comparison of subtype selective allosteric modulators such as NS11394 and L838417 wi...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Munro G,Ahring PK,Mirza NR

更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise a large and diverse class of signal-transducing receptors that undergo dynamic and isoform-specific membrane trafficking. GPCRs thus have an inherent potential to initiate or regulate signaling reactions from multiple membrane locations. This review discusses emerging insig...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Eichel K,von Zastrow M

更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a pulmonary inflammatory disease that is caused by cigarette smoke. The main characteristic of COPD is the continued inflammation caused by the sustained influx of macrophages and neutrophils into the lung. Recent studies have shed light on how these cells are attracted ...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Smit JJ,Lukacs NW

更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy is a hereditary motor neuron disease caused by trinucleotide repeat expansion in the androgen receptor gene. The disease mechanism probably involves a toxic gain of function in the mutant protein, because other mutations that cause a loss of androgen receptor function result in a dif...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Ranganathan S,Fischbeck KH

更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Within the past six months, isolation of cDNA or genomic clones has been reported for three 5-HT receptors, the 5-HT1C, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 subtypes. As members of the G protein receptor superfamily, all three 5-HT receptor clones encode single-subunit proteins containing approximately 450 amino acids arrayed as seven in...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Hartig PR

更新日期：1989-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The 5-HT7 receptor was among a group of 5-HT receptors that were discovered using targeted cloning strategies 12 years ago. This receptor is a seven-transmembrane-domain G-protein-coupled receptor that is positively linked to adenylyl cyclase. The distributions of 5-HT7 receptor mRNA, immunolabeling and radioligand bi...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Hedlund PB,Sutcliffe JG

更新日期：2004-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An unlikely animal model is gaining popularity in neuropharmacological research: the 2-mm fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). Drugs have been administered to adult flies in their food and, more recently, via gasses and injections. Pharmacological tools have introduced behavioral alterations in Drosophila reminiscent ...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Manev H,Dimitrijevic N,Dzitoyeva S

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Steroid hormones are recognized as producing their major long-term effects on cell structure and function via intracellular receptors acting on the expression of genes. There is now increasing evidence that steroids also affect the surface of cells and alter ion permeability, as well as release of neurohormones and ne...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： McEwen BS

更新日期：1991-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The therapeutic advantage of reducing the activity of interleukin 1 (IL-1) resides in preventing its deleterious biological effects without interfering with homeostasis. As such, methods attempting to block the production or activity of IL-1 have now entered clinical trials. For example, IL-1 induction of prostaglandi...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Dinarello CA

更新日期：1993-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The United States is experiencing an epidemic of opioid overdose deaths. Many of the recent fatalities are associated with illicitly manufactured fentanyl, which is being added to heroin and counterfeit pain pills. The crisis is further exacerbated by the emergence of an increasing number of novel synthetic opioids (N...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Baumann MH,Kopajtic TA,Madras BK

更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Carbonic anhydrase isoform IX (CA IX) is highly overexpressed in many types of cancer. Its expression, which is regulated by the HIF-1 transcription factor, is strongly induced by hypoxia and correlates with a poor response to classical chemo- and radiotherapies. CA IX contributes to acidification of the tumor environ...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Thiry A,Dogné JM,Masereel B,Supuran CT

更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Until recently, release studies have failed to indicate the existence of autoreceptors on motor nerves. Ignaz Wessler now reports on a refinement of the technique - the measurement of newly synthesized [3H]acetylcholine released from the phrenic nerve - which provides clear evidence in support of release-modulating au...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Wessler I

更新日期：1989-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pharmacology training in Canada was initiated at McGill University in Montréal in 1824, and there are now 17 pharmacology departments in Canada offering graduate training to more than 500 students. In this article, Gerald Marks reviews the growth of pharmacology in Canada since the early 19th century in both academic ...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Marks GS

更新日期：1994-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There is a variety of pressures on pharmacology teachers to replace real laboratory practicals with simulations but do they help students achieve the required learning objectives? In this article, the marks obtained by students in a variety of assessments using 'wet' or simulated practicals are analysed. Poorer perfor...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Hughes IE

更新日期：2001-02-01 00:00:00