Drug testing in the workplace: could a positive test for one of the mandated drugs be for reasons other than illicit use of the drug?

abstract：:A relatively simple procedure for the determination of carboxyhemoglobin percent saturation in postmortem samples is described. The procedure involves a quick and accurate method for calibration of the gas chromatograph to carbon monoxide. The mixed gases are extracted from blood prior to introduction into the gas chr...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Hobbs LD,Jachimczyk JA,Schloegel EL

更新日期：1980-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:External contamination of hair or nails by inorganic arsenic compounds cannot effectively be removed with H2O or dilute HCl. The use of a modified Gutzeit apparatus allowed to establish or rule out external contamination. It was found that contaminated samples will generate large amounts of arsine gas when treated wit...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Pirl JN,Townsend GF,Valaitis AK,Grohlich D,Spikes JJ

更新日期：1983-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A quantitative gas chromatographic assay for the determination of phenelzine in plasma or other fluids is presented. A stable derivative is formed by cyclization with acetylacetone, and the derivative is separated, purified, and concentrated by liquid-liquid solvent extraction. Analysis of the extracts is by capillary...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Lichtenwalner M,McMullin M,Hardy D,Rieders F

更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We present data from the analysis of the alcohol content of 391 beers and malt beverages available for sale in the State of Washington. The beverages were tested by gas chromatography for their alcohol content. Considerable variability in the alcoholic strength was found, even within the same class. Overall, the range...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Case GA,Distefano S,Logan BK

更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Synthetic cannabinoids emerged on the designer drug market in recent years due to their ability to produce cannabis-like effects without the risk of detection by traditional drug testing techniques such as immunoassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. As government agencies work to schedule existing synthetic ...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Knittel JL,Holler JM,Chmiel JD,Vorce SP,Magluilo J Jr,Levine B,Ramos G,Bosy TZ

更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The fraction of any surface-adsorbed contaminant available for absorption is considered the bioaccessible fraction. Applied previously to contaminants such as pesticides and heavy metals on surfaces such as soil, food and cosmetics, the term may also be used to describe the fraction of drug residue bound to work surfa...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Doran GS,Howitt JA

更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A method for determining the chemical warfare agent soman (GD) in rat plasma has been validated and applied to low-level inhalation exposure studies currently being conducted. This method utilizes a fluoride ion-based regeneration assay with isotope dilution followed by large volume injection gas chromatography with a...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Renner JA,Dabisch PA,Evans RA,McGuire JM,Totura AL,Jakubowski EM,Thomson SA

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the investigation of aviation accidents, postmortem specimens from accident victims are submitted to the Federal Aviation Administration's Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) for toxicological analysis. A case recently received by CAMI screened positive for the anticonvulsant medication carbamazepine (CBZ;...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Lewis RJ,Angier MK,Johnson RD

更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In an effort to determine a practical, efficient, and economical alternative for the use of a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the detection of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in human urine, the performance of two photometric immunoassays (Dade Behring EMIT II and Microgenics CEDIA) and the Diagnostics Products Corp. (DPC...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Wiegand RF,Klette KL,Stout PR,Gehlhausen JM

更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nicotine is the major addictive compound in tobacco and is responsible for tobacco dependence. It is primarily metabolized to cotinine (COT) and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3HC) by the liver enzyme cytochrome P-450 2A6 (CYP2A6). The 3HC/COT ratio measured in the saliva of smokers is highly correlated with the intrinsic ...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Lea RA,Dickson S,Benowitz NL

更新日期：2006-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A method for the simultaneous extraction of the hallucinogens psilocin, bufotenine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) as well as iso-LSD, nor-LSD and O-H-LSD from hair with hydrochloride acid and methanol is presented. Clean-up of the hair extracts is performed with solid phase extraction using a mixed-mode cation exch...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Martin R,Schürenkamp J,Gasse A,Pfeiffer H,Köhler H

更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This case report presents three unrelated children found to have heroin and/or fentanyl in their systems after general unknown systematic toxicological analysis (STA). The first case involves an 11-month-old male found unresponsive at their residence. The scene response suggested a potentially unsafe sleeping conditio...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： DeRienz RT,Baker DD,Kelly NE,Mullins AM,Barnett RY,Hobbs JM,Daniels JA,Harshbarger KE,Ortiz AM

更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Vitreous humor is a fluid contained in the eye that is largely composed of water. The advantages of vitreous humor as a specimen for postmortem drug analysis include its relatively low susceptibility to contamination and the ability to analyze vitreous humor with little or no pretreatment. The postmortem analysis of e...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Cox D,Jufer Phipps RA,Levine B,Jacobs A,Fowler D

更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A 25 mg oral dose of cocaine HCl given to a single volunteer resulted in a peak urinary cocaine concentration of 269 ng/mL at 1 h, and a peak benzoylecgonine concentration of 7,940 ng/mL at 12 h. Urine benzoylecgonine concentrations remained in excess of 300 ng/mL for 48 h. We conclude that small, oral doses of cocain...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Baselt RC,Chang R

更新日期：1987-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We report a case involving unusually high postmortem morphine concentrations in a 44-year-old male with end-stage pancreatic cancer. He was receiving morphine for pain control via a single subclavian intravenous catheter. Allegations of foul play were made by family members at the time of death, so a full autopsy was ...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Kerrigan S,Honey D,Baker G

更新日期：2004-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A new tetracyclic antidepressant drug, maprotiline hydrochloride was found to be the agent of death in a 23-year-old subject following massive injestion (4.5-6.0 g). The case may be the first reported maprotiline death (sole cause) in the United States. Analytical parameters were studies and various chromatographic an...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Rejent TA,Doyle RE

更新日期：1982-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ethylene glycol (EG), a relatively infrequent cause of fatal intoxication, presents an analytical challenge for forensic confirmation in postmortem toxicology. We report EG and glycolic acid (GA) quantification in postmortem blood by gas chromatography coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis using a m...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Rosano TG,Swift TA,Kranick CJ,Sikirica M

更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dried blood spots (DBS) on filter paper have been used in human medicine since the 1960s, predominantly for screening in-borne metabolic disorders and more recently, for toxicology. Despite its 50-year existence, this technology has not been adopted by veterinarians for routine diagnoses and research. We have validate...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Lehner AF,Rumbeiha W,Shlosberg A,Stuart K,Johnson M,Domenech R,Langner H

更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The effects of decomposition microclimate on the distribution of dextromethorphan (DXM) and dextrorphan (DXT) in skeletonized remains of rats acutely exposed to DXM were examined. Animals (n = 10) received DXM (75 mg/kg, i.p.), were euthanized 30 min post-dose and immediately allowed to decompose at either Site A (sha...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Unger KA,Watterson JH

更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A total of 183 random, whole-blood specimens was collected from healthy individuals within the State of Queensland (Australia), and the bromide concentration was determined by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WDXRF). The intensity of the tube Compton scatter line was used to account for differenc...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Olszowy HA,Rossiter J,Hegarty J,Geoghegan P

更新日期：1998-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The selectivity of analytical methods used to determine ethanol in body fluids has always been an important concern in connection with chemical testing for intoxication. Allegations of false high breath-alcohol readings obtained because of the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) other than ethanol is a well-...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Jones AW

更新日期：1996-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A 5-mg dose of cocaine free base applied to the volar forearm skin surface of a volunteer resulted in a maximal urinary benzoylecgonine concentration of 55 ng/mL at 48 h, using discrete urine specimens. A total of 58 micrograms of benzoylecgonine, representing 1.2% of the dose, was excreted in the 96-h urine. An ident...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Baselt RC,Chang JY,Yoshikawa DM

更新日期：1990-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A method for the detection and quantitation of methamphetamine and its major metabolite in hair, nails, sweat, and saliva from habitual users of methamphetamine by mass fragmentography has been developed. Hair and nail samples were washed with water and methanol to remove the external contamination, processed with 0.6...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Suzuki S,Inoue T,Hori H,Inayama S

更新日期：1989-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This study describes a matrix-assisted laser-desorption-ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for rapid screening of 12 diuretics in spiked urine. C60 is used as the matrix for MALDI. Diuretics are directly analyzed by C60-MALDI without previous derivatization. The fact that most diuretic molecules contain sulfate grou...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Huang JP,Yuan CH,Shiea J,Chen YC

更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The List of Prohibited Substances and Methods (the List), an International Standard published yearly by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), determines which substances and methods are prohibited in sport in- and out-of-competition. Stimulants are included within drug class S.6 under the in-competition testing sectio...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Boghosian T,Mazzoni I,Barroso O,Rabin O

更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An arsenic death was investigated six and one half years after the demise. Analysis of tissue embedded in paraffin blocks demonstrated toxic concentrations. Spectrophotometry was employed with the use of a hydride generator to provide specificity and sensitivity to less than 0.05 microgram. ...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Bednarczyk LR,Matusiak W

更新日期：1982-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We present an analytical method for the determination of heroin, free 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM), and free morphine in blood, urine, and vitreous humor. This method is used in postmortem cases where heroin is the suspected cause of death. The analytical protocol includes the following steps: liquid-liquid extraction at p...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Guillot JG,Lefebvre M,Weber JP

更新日期：1997-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) in whole blo...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Jamey C,Szwarc E,Tracqui A,Ludes B

更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In cases of death by inert gas asphyxiation, it can be difficult to obtain toxicological evidence supporting assignment of a cause of death. Because of its low mass and high diffusivity, and its common use as a carrier gas, helium presents a particular challenge in this respect. We describe a rapid and simple gas chro...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Schaff JE,Karas RP,Marinetti L

更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Carfentanil is a mu (μ) opioid receptor agonist and is estimated to be ~10,000 times more potent than morphine in animal (non-human) models. It is not approved for human use and is only used to immobilize large exotic animals in veterinary medicine. In mid-2016, carfentanil emerged as a contaminant in street heroin in...

journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology

authors： Shanks KG,Behonick GS

更新日期：2017-07-01 00:00:00