Abstract：
:The U.S. EPA first signalled its intention to use benchmark dose risk techniques in 1991. Subsequently, publication of draft Guidelines for the Risk Assessment of Reproductive Toxicity data indicated the Agency's intention for wide use of the technique. In developmental toxicity experiments, a number of factors need to be considered before attempting benchmark dose calculations, as compared to the conventional NOAEL approach. For example, care in the assessment of potential litter effects (the litter is the unit of such a study) on the data and whether the data are continuous (e.g. foetal body weight) or discontinuous (e.g. specific or grouped developmental defects where the abnormality is present or absent). Two examples of the use of the benchmark dose approach will be made. First, in the analysis of foetal body weight, where a benchmark dose estimate for an agent producing a 5% decrease in mean foetal weight may be calculated from a shift in the distribution of foetal weights between groups, or by conversion of data to reflect changes in the incidence of 'small' pups (i.e. those towards the extreme of the normal range). The second example involves studies conducted on the developmental toxicity of a triazole antifungal. In the first study, the agent was clearly teratogenic, but a NOAEL was not established and thus necessitated a second study. Analysis of benchmark does estimates (e.g. for % foetuses malformed) from the first study indicated that these were not significantly changed when the data from the second study were combined (i.e. the second study did not aid the risk assessment). The benchmark dose approach has significant scientific and practical advantages over the conventional NOAEL methodology in risk assessments derived from developmental toxicity studies.
journal_name
Toxicol Lettjournal_title
Toxicology lettersauthors
Foster PM,Auton TRdoi
10.1016/0378-4274(95)03584-2subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1995-12-01 00:00:00pages
555-9eissn
0378-4274issn
1879-3169pii
0378-4274(95)03584-2journal_volume
82-83pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are contaminants that are ubiquitously found in the environment, produced through combustion of organic matter or petrochemicals, and many of which are procarcinogens. The prototypic PAH, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and the highly carcinogenic dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC) are metabol...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.01.008
更新日期：2017-03-05 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to investigate the oxidative effects of Fe(2)O(3), benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) and pyrene, alone or in association (B(a)P or pyrene coated onto Fe(2)O(3) particles), in normal human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) in culture. We evaluated: (i) membrane integrity, through fatty acid release ...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0378-4274(00)00231-9
更新日期：2000-09-30 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.05.005
更新日期：2010-08-16 00:00:00
abstract：:The distribution of mercury to the brain following an injection of methylmercury (MeHg) or ethylmercury (EtHg) was examined in immature mice. Postnatal day (PND) 16 CD1 mice received MeHg chloride either by IM injection or by gavage. At 24 h and 7 days post-injection, total mercury concentrations were determined in bl...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.07.014
更新日期：2004-12-30 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.12.022
更新日期：2020-05-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(84)90090-0
更新日期：1984-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00375-2
更新日期：2003-02-18 00:00:00
abstract：:In C57BL/6 mice, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) increased 1 day after treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene, and induction of UDP-glucuronyl transferases for 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, p-nitrophenol and bilirubin in the liver microsomes was observed 2 to 5 days later. In DBA/2 mice, neither AHH nor transferase activit...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(80)90146-0
更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.893
更新日期：2017-10-05 00:00:00
abstract：:International scientific committees, regional scientific committees such as those of the European Union, and national regulatory agencies generally use the uncertainly factor approach for establishing acceptable or tolerable intakes of substances that exhibit thresholds of toxicity. No observed adverse effect levels (...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.003
更新日期：2008-08-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Besides hepatotoxicity, paracetamol may exert nephrotoxic effects in experimental animals and man. The present study in rats shows that cholestyramine given 4 and 24 h after paracetamol provided protection against both hepato- and nephrotoxicity; this was evidenced by reduced increments in plasma enzyme activities (SD...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(89)90073-8
更新日期：1989-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cadmium-binding proteins (CdBPs) in the cytosol fractions from several organs of man orally exposed to cadmium (Cd) were examined by gel chromatography. In kidney and liver most of the cadmium (76-87%) in the cytosols was bound to metallothionein, and hepatic metallothionein contained zinc also at a similar level. The...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(82)90160-6
更新日期：1982-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:After toxicological studies with nitrate/nitrite in rats it was observed with nuclear magnetic resonance that N-methylnicotinamide (NMN), a metabolite of tryptophan was increased. The use of NMN as a biomarker for nitrate/nitrite exposure was investigated further in additional experiments with rats and in a human stud...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(95)03306-8
更新日期：1995-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Organophosphates are chemical pollutants that are existed widely in the environment, but the reactions of these agents with blood proteins are still not fully clarified. The current story was to analyze the static and dynamic interactions between human serum albumin (HSA) and phenthoate and then uncover the impact of ...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.07.025
更新日期：2019-10-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Since guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), a precursor of creatine, is synthesized mainly in the proximal tubule of the kidney where gentamicin (GM) nephrotoxicity often occurs, GM-induced renal cell damage was investigated using GAA synthesis in tubular suspension as an indicator. Results obtained were as follows: (1) GAA syn...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(95)03411-0
更新日期：1995-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Cyanobacteria ("blue-green algae"), such as Oscillatoria sp., are a ubiquitous group of bacteria found in freshwater systems worldwide that are linked to illness and in some cases, death among humans and animals. Exposure to cyanobacteria occurs via ingestion of contaminated water or food-products. Exposure of the gut...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.05.013
更新日期：2017-06-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Acrylonitrile (ACN) is a widely used intermediate in the manufacture of plastics, acrylic fibers, synthetic rubbers and resins that are used in a variety of products including food containers and medical devices. ACN is a possible human carcinogen and a documented animal carcinogen, with the stomach being an important ...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.10.018
更新日期：2012-01-25 00:00:00
abstract：:DNA-damaging agents are commonly used as anticancer therapeutics. Unfortunately, such drugs induced DNA damages as well as DNA repair are important in mediating drug resistance to cancer treatments. To evaluate changes in DNA repair proteins that occur in DNA damage agent treatment, we challenged human A549 lung adeno...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.06.028
更新日期：2011-09-10 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00512-4
更新日期：2002-02-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Betulinic acid (BA) is known to induce apoptosis in melanoma neuroectodermal and malignant brain cancer cell lines. Present report describes the role of antioxidants on the BA-induced toxicity to human cell line SK-N-MC. Hydrophilic antioxidants viz., L-ascorbic acid (VitC) and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (l-NAC) had no prote...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.03.027
更新日期：2004-11-02 00:00:00
abstract：:The skin absorption of aniline, aniline with 3% water content, and 1 and 2% aqueous aniline solutions was investigated in man. The time of exposure was 30 or 60 min. The absorbed amount of aniline was calculated on the basis of rho-aminophenol excretion in 24-h urine. The rate of aniline absorption from aqueous soluti...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(82)90231-4
更新日期：1982-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The fast growing applications of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) in food sector and other fields enhance the exposure possibility of human beings to ZnO NPs including via oral administration route. Although the oral toxicity of ZnO NPs has been studied, most of the research was performed on the normal animal models. Therefore...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.05.038
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disease which severely reduces the quality of life in patients. Studies have demonstrated that both PM2.5 and cold stress contribute to the development of asthma. However, the combined effects of these two risking factors are unknown. In this study, we investigated the combined ...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.09.011
更新日期：2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The biomedical application of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), such as drug delivery and cancer treatment, requires a clear understanding of their fate and toxicological profile after intravenous administration. In this study, the long-term accumulation and toxicity of intravenously injected SWCNTs in the main...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.07.020
更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Children may be inherently more vulnerable than adults to the lethal effects associated with chemical warfare nerve agent (CWNA) exposure because of their closer proximity to the ground, smaller body mass, higher respiratory rate, increased skin permeability and immature metabolic systems. Unfortunately, there have on...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.11.023
更新日期：2016-01-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Pregnant CD-1 mice were given 32 mg/kg of 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) or corn oil vehicle, by gavage, on days 10--16 of gestation. At 1 year of age, the offspring were tested for spontaneous motor activity; the mice were then killed and dopamine (DA) levels and specific DA receptor binding were measured in the...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(81)90087-4
更新日期：1981-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Effects of intestinal damage on thyroid carcinogenesis due to amitrole (AT) were examined in F344 male rats initiated with N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN). In experiment 1, rats were provided with diet containing 0.03% AT for 20 weeks after a single subcutaneous injection of DHPN (2800 mg/kg body weight), and...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.11.012
更新日期：2006-06-20 00:00:00
abstract：:The risk of lung and urinary bladder cancers was reported to be increased in individuals who carried high risk genotypes in either cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A1, CYP2E1 or glutathione S-transferase (GST)M1, and the combined genotype of both CYP1A1 and GSTM1 enzymes have an enhanced tendency of risk to lung cancer more sign...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0378-4274(98)00303-8
更新日期：1998-12-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) is a potent stimulator of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, the immunotoxic action of which remains unclear. We investigated the in vitro effects of SEA on freshly isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes depleted of CD8+ T cells. Proliferation and flow cytometry analysis indicated that SEA ...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.10.009
更新日期：2008-01-04 00:00:00
abstract：:Hydrazine (Hz) mutagenicity was observed in a test using Escherichia coli B/r strain, WP2 uvrA and was enhanced by the addition of rat liver microsomal fraction containing a generating system, while the enhanced mutagenicity was diminished by the addition of metyrapone to the microsome-free levels. On the other hand, ...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(86)90006-8
更新日期：1986-05-01 00:00:00
