Membrane potential changes during the first steps of coliphage infection.

abstract：:The Alu element has been a major source of new exons during primate evolution. Thousands of human genes contain spliced exons derived from Alu elements. However, identifying Alu exons that have acquired genuine biological functions remains a major challenge. We investigated the creation and establishment of Alu exons ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Shen S,Lin L,Cai JJ,Jiang P,Kenkel EJ,Stroik MR,Sato S,Davidson BL,Xing Y

更新日期：2011-02-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Natural environments can present diverse challenges, but some genotypes remain fit across many environments. Such "generalists" can be hard to evolve, outcompeted by specialists fitter in any particular environment. Here, inspired by the search for broadly neutralizing antibodies during B cell affinity maturation, we ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Sachdeva V,Husain K,Sheng J,Wang S,Murugan A

更新日期：2020-06-09 00:00:00

abstract：:Ferric uptake regulation protein (Fur) is a bacterial global regulator that uses iron as a cofactor to bind to specific DNA sequences. The function of Fur is not limited to iron homeostasis. A wide variety of genes involved in various mechanisms such as oxidative and acid stresses are under Fur control. Flavohemoglobi...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： D'Autreaux B,Touati D,Bersch B,Latour JM,Michaud-Soret I

更新日期：2002-12-24 00:00:00

abstract：:Whereas all mammals have one glutamate dehydrogenase gene (GLUD1), humans and apes carry an additional gene (GLUD2), which encodes an enzyme with distinct biochemical properties. We inserted a bacterial artificial chromosome containing the human GLUD2 gene into mice and analyzed the resulting changes in the transcript...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Li Q,Guo S,Jiang X,Bryk J,Naumann R,Enard W,Tomita M,Sugimoto M,Khaitovich P,Pääbo S

更新日期：2016-05-10 00:00:00

abstract：:Accurate modification of the 3 billion-base-pair human genome requires tools with exceptional sequence specificity. Here, we describe a general strategy for the design of enzymes that target a single site within the genome. We generated chimeric zinc finger recombinases with cooperative DNA-binding and catalytic speci...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Gordley RM,Gersbach CA,Barbas CF 3rd

更新日期：2009-03-31 00:00:00

abstract：:In earlier studies with the acetylcholine receptor (AcChoR) of Electrophorus electricus the rate and equilibrium constants for a model that relates the ligand binding to ion translocation were determined, and the dependence of these constants on the concentrations of carbamoylcholine and acetylcholine, over a 200- and...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hess GP,Pasquale EB,Walker JW,McNamee MG

更新日期：1982-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gene regulation by imposed localization was studied by using designed zinc finger proteins that bind 18-bp DNA sequences in the 5' untranslated regions of the protooncogenes erbB-2 and erbB-3. Transcription factors were generated by fusion of the DNA-binding proteins to repression or activation domains. When introduce...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Beerli RR,Dreier B,Barbas CF 3rd

更新日期：2000-02-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a mediator of host immunity and functions as a high, upstream activator of cells within the innate and the adaptive immunological systems. Recent studies have suggested a potentially broader role for MIF in growth regulation because of its ability to antagonize p53-media...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Fingerle-Rowson G,Petrenko O,Metz CN,Forsthuber TG,Mitchell R,Huss R,Moll U,Müller W,Bucala R

更新日期：2003-08-05 00:00:00

abstract：:Key predictions of the Hubble law are inconsistent with direct observations on equitable complete samples of extragalactic sources in the optical, infrared, and x-ray wave bands-e.g., the predicted dispersion in apparent magnitude is persistently greatly in excess of its observed value, precluding an explanation via h...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Segal IE

更新日期：1993-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Continuous and intensive exploitation of wildlife resources by early agricultural societies had major ecological consequences in the ancient Near East. In particular, hunting strategies of post-Neolithic societies involving the mass killing of wild ungulates contributed to the eventual extirpation of a number of wild ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Bar-Oz G,Zeder M,Hole F

更新日期：2011-05-03 00:00:00

abstract：:Superhydrophobic surfaces display water contact angles greater than 150 degrees in conjunction with low contact angle hysteresis. Microscopic pockets of air trapped beneath the water droplets placed on these surfaces lead to a composite solid-liquid-air interface in thermodynamic equilibrium. Previous experimental and...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Tuteja A,Choi W,Mabry JM,McKinley GH,Cohen RE

更新日期：2008-11-25 00:00:00

abstract：:Analogy-the ability to find and apply deep structural patterns across domains-has been fundamental to human innovation in science and technology. Today there is a growing opportunity to accelerate innovation by moving analogy out of a single person's mind and distributing it across many information processors, both hu...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kittur A,Yu L,Hope T,Chan J,Lifshitz-Assaf H,Gilon K,Ng F,Kraut RE,Shahaf D

更新日期：2019-02-05 00:00:00

abstract：:The preferential inactivation of the paternal X chromosome in extraembryonic cells during early mouse development is an example of parental imprinting, but it has not been studied at the transcriptional level because standard methods of measuring RNA levels do not allow detection of allele-specific RNAs in individual ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Singer-Sam J,Chapman V,LeBon JM,Riggs AD

更新日期：1992-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cyclic AMP (cAMP) and calcium are ubiquitous, interdependent second messengers that regulate a wide range of cellular processes. During development of neuronal networks they are critical for the first step of circuit formation, transducing signals required for axon pathfinding. Surprisingly, the spatial and temporal c...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Nicol X,Hong KP,Spitzer NC

更新日期：2011-08-16 00:00:00

abstract：:Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) buffer and remove synaptically released L-glutamate and maintain its concentrations below neurotoxic levels. EAATs also mediate a thermodynamically uncoupled substrate-gated anion conductance that may modulate cell excitability. Here, we demonstrate that modification of a cys...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Seal RP,Shigeri Y,Eliasof S,Leighton BH,Amara SG

更新日期：2001-12-18 00:00:00

abstract：:Cells contain numerous enzymes that use molecular oxygen for their reactions. Often, their active sites are buried deeply inside the protein, which raises the question whether there are specific access channels guiding oxygen to the site of catalysis. Choosing 12/15-lipoxygenase as a typical example for such oxygen-de...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Saam J,Ivanov I,Walther M,Holzhütter HG,Kuhn H

更新日期：2007-08-14 00:00:00

abstract：:Intracellular proteolytic processing of precursor polypeptides is an essential step in the maturation of many proteins, including plasma proteins, hormones, neuropeptides, and growth factors. Most frequently, propeptide cleavage occurs after paired basic amino acid residues. To date, no mammalian propeptide processing...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Wise RJ,Barr PJ,Wong PA,Kiefer MC,Brake AJ,Kaufman RJ

更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Inhibin, a gonadal hormone capable of preferential suppression of pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion, has recently been purified. The major form of this protein is an alpha beta heterodimer encoded by two separate genes. In contrast to the FSH-suppressing action of the alpha beta heterodimer, the b...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hsueh AJ,Dahl KD,Vaughan J,Tucker E,Rivier J,Bardin CW,Vale W

更新日期：1987-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Unlike other predators that use vision as their primary sensory system, bats compute the three-dimensional (3D) position of flying insects from discrete echo snapshots, which raises questions about the strategies they employ to track and intercept erratically moving prey from interrupted sensory information. Here, we ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Salles A,Diebold CA,Moss CF

更新日期：2020-11-17 00:00:00

abstract：:Photolyzed rhodopsin catalyzes the exchange of GTP for FDP bound to a protein in retinal rod outer segments. We previously proposed that the GTP complex of this protein regulates the cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase and that it may be the first amplified intermediate in visual excitation [Fung, B. K.-K. & Stryer, L. (1980...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Fung BK,Hurley JB,Stryer L

更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Basic neurophysiological research with monkeys has shown how neurons in the motor cortex have firing rates tuned to movement direction. This original finding would have been difficult to uncover without the use of a behaving primate paradigm in which subjects grasped a handle and moved purposefully to targets in diffe...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kennedy SD,Schwartz AB

更新日期：2019-12-23 00:00:00

abstract：:Given the widely noted increase in the warming effects of rising greenhouse gas concentrations, it has been unclear why global surface temperatures did not rise between 1998 and 2008. We find that this hiatus in warming coincides with a period of little increase in the sum of anthropogenic and natural forcings. Declin...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kaufmann RK,Kauppi H,Mann ML,Stock JH

更新日期：2011-07-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Echolocating big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) broadcast ultrasonic frequency-modulated (FM) biosonar sounds (20-100 kHz frequencies; 10-50 microseconds periods) and perceive target range from echo delay. Knowing the acuity for delay resolution is essential to understand how bats process echoes because they perceive t...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Simmons JA,Ferragamo MJ,Moss CF

更新日期：1998-10-13 00:00:00

abstract：:3-Hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) is a tryptophan metabolite whose level in the brain is markedly elevated under several pathological conditions, including Huntington disease and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Here we demonstrate that micromolar concentrations (1-100 microM) of 3-HK cause cell death in primary neuro...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Okuda S,Nishiyama N,Saito H,Katsuki H

更新日期：1996-10-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Angiosperm reproduction is characterized by alternate diploid sporophytic and haploid gametophytic generations. Gametogenesis shares similarities with that of animals except for the formation of the gametophyte, whereby haploid cells undergo several rounds of postmeiotic mitosis to form gametes and the accessory cells...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Park GT,Frost JM,Park JS,Kim TH,Lee JS,Oh SA,Twell D,Brooks JS,Fischer RL,Choi Y

更新日期：2014-12-23 00:00:00

abstract：:Chick calvaria labeled in vitro contain a triple-stranded collagen precursor that contains two pro alpha1 and one pro alpha2 chains. All chains contain cystine and are linked by S-S bonds. Ultracentrifugal analysis was used to measure the relative size of the disulfide-linked units. It is proposed that the S-S links h...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Fessler LI,Burgeson RE,Morris NP,Fessler JH

更新日期：1973-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Domesticated maize and its wild ancestor (teosinte) differ strikingly in morphology and afford an opportunity to examine the connection between strong selection and diversity in a major crop species. The tb1 gene largely controls the increase in apical dominance in maize relative to teosinte, and a region of the tb1 l...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Clark RM,Linton E,Messing J,Doebley JF

更新日期：2004-01-20 00:00:00

abstract：:The POU-IV or "Brn-3" class of POU-domain transcription factors is represented in Drosophila by I-POU and twin-of-I-POU, alternative splice products of the I-POU gene. I-POU has been previously reported to inhibit DNA binding by the POU-III class factor drifter/Cf1a via the formation of heterodimeric complexes. Here w...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Turner EE

更新日期：1996-12-24 00:00:00

abstract：:3.L2 T cell receptor transgenic T cells are activated by the 64-76 peptide of the mouse hemoglobin d beta chain [Hb(64-76)], and their response is antagonized by the position 72 alanine substitution of this peptide (A72). To test the effect of this altered peptide ligand (APL) on 3.L2 T cell function in vivo, a transg...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Basu D,Williams CB,Allen PM

更新日期：1998-11-24 00:00:00

abstract：:The cytoplasm and biomembranes in biological cells contain large numbers of proteins that cyclically change their shapes. They are molecular machines that can function as molecular motors or carry out various other tasks in the cell. Many enzymes also undergo conformational changes within their turnover cycles. We ana...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Mikhailov AS,Kapral R

更新日期：2015-07-14 00:00:00