Abstract:
:Basic neurophysiological research with monkeys has shown how neurons in the motor cortex have firing rates tuned to movement direction. This original finding would have been difficult to uncover without the use of a behaving primate paradigm in which subjects grasped a handle and moved purposefully to targets in different directions. Subsequent research, again using behaving primate models, extended these findings to continuous drawing and to arm and hand movements encompassing action across multiple joints. This research also led to robust extraction algorithms in which information from neuronal populations is used to decode movement intent. The ability to decode intended movement provided the foundation for neural prosthetics in which brain-controlled interfaces are used by paralyzed human subjects to control computer cursors or high-performance motorized prosthetic arms and hands. This translation of neurophysiological laboratory findings to therapy is a clear example of why using nonhuman primates for basic research is valuable for advancing treatment of neurological disorders. Recent research emphasizes the distribution of intention signaling through neuronal populations and shows how many movement parameters are encoded simultaneously. In addition to direction and velocity, the arm's impedance has now been found to be encoded as well. The ability to decode motion and force from neural populations will make it possible to extend neural prosthetic paradigms to precise interaction with objects, enabling paralyzed individuals to perform many tasks of daily living.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Kennedy SD,Schwartz ABdoi
10.1073/pnas.1902296116subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-12-23 00:00:00eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490pii
1902296116pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Crystals of myosin subfragment 1 from avian skeletal muscle have been grown reproducibly. They diffract x-rays to at least 4.5-A resolution. The subfragment 1 crystallizes in space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) where a = 107 A, b = 117 A, and c = 278 A. The cell dimensions and intensity distribution on x-ray diffraction photogr...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1984-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The posterodorsal part of the medial nucleus of the amygdala (MeAp) receives its major sensory input from the accessory olfactory bulb and projects massively to the medial preoptic nucleus and other sexually dimorphic hypothalamic nuclei thought to play key roles in mediating steroid-sensitive reproductive functions. ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.12.4766
更新日期:1989-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The usual way to compute Hartree-Fock type functions for molecules is by an expansion of the one-electron functions (molecular orbitals) in a linear combination of analytical functions (LCAO-MO-SCF, linear combination of atomic orbitals-Molecular Orbital-Self Consistent field). The expansion coefficients are obtained ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.69.10.2942
更新日期:1972-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is evidence both for and against Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent neurotransmitter transporters forming oligomers. We found that cross-linking the human dopamine transporter (DAT), which is heterologously expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, either with copper phenanthroline (CuP) or the bifunctional reagent...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.181344298
更新日期:2001-08-28 00:00:00
abstract::Autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) elements of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe contain multiple imperfect copies of the consensus sequence reported by Maundrell et al. [Maundrell K., Hutchison, A. & Shall, S. (1988) EMBO J. 7, 2203-2209]. When cell free extracts of S. pombe were incubated with a dimer...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.93.1.502
更新日期:1996-01-09 00:00:00
abstract::Because previous studies showed that polyunsaturated fatty acids can reduce the contraction rate of spontaneously beating heart cells and have antiarrhythmic effects, we examined the effects of the fatty acids on the electrophysiology of the cardiac cycle in isolated neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Exposure of cardiomy...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.92.9.3997
更新日期:1995-04-25 00:00:00
abstract::Sequence-specific DNA-binding small molecules that can permeate human cells potentially could regulate transcription of specific genes. Multiple cellular DNA-binding transcription factors are required by HIV type 1 for RNA synthesis. Two pyrrole-imidazole polyamides were designed to bind DNA sequences immediately adja...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.95.22.12890
更新日期:1998-10-27 00:00:00
abstract::A cloned Bacillus subtilis gene (sprE) expressed only during the stationary growth phase is shown to encode the subtilisin E protease, an enzyme associated with sporulation. We have determined the DNA sequence of the sprE promoter region and the promoter-proximal half of the structural gene. The sprE gene codes for a ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.81.4.1184
更新日期:1984-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::We used a model system of purified components to explore the effects of a downstream target on the signaling properties of a covalent modification cycle, an example of retroactivity. In the experimental system used, a bifunctional enzyme catalyzed the modification and demodification of its substrate protein, with both...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0913815107
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) is one of only two mammalian enzymes known to contain both FAD and FMN, the other being nitric-oxide synthase. CPR is a membrane-bound protein and catalyzes electron transfer from NADPH to all known microsomal cytochromes P450. The structure of rat liver CPR, expressed ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8411
更新日期:1997-08-05 00:00:00
abstract::Entamoeba histolytica is a single cell eukaryote that is the etiologic agent of amoebic colitis. Core promoter elements of E. histolytica protein encoding genes include a TATA-like sequence (GTATTTAAAG/C) at -30, a novel element designated GAAC (GAACT) that has a variable location between TATA and the site of transcri...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8812
更新日期:1997-08-05 00:00:00
abstract::Translational stop codon readthrough occurs in organisms ranging from viruses to mammals and is especially prevalent in decoding Drosophila and viral mRNAs. Recoding of UGA, UAG, or UAA to specify an amino acid allows a proportion of the protein encoded by a single gene to be C-terminally extended. The extended produc...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2012793118
更新日期:2021-02-02 00:00:00
abstract::Forebrain cholinergic neurons play important roles as striatal local circuit neurons and basal telencephalic projection neurons. The genetic mechanisms that control development of these neurons suggest that most of them are derived from the basal telencephalon where Lhx8, a LIM-homeobox gene, is expressed. Here we rep...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1537759100
更新日期:2003-07-22 00:00:00
abstract::Mutations are a hallmark of cancer. Normal cells minimize spontaneous mutations through the combined actions of polymerase base selectivity, 3' --> 5' exonucleolytic proofreading, mismatch correction, and DNA damage repair. To determine the consequences of defective proofreading in mammals, we created mice with a poin...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.232340999
更新日期:2002-11-26 00:00:00
abstract::In clinical trials comparing two treatments, one would often like to control the probability of erroneous decision while minimizing not the total sample size but the number of patients given the inferior treatment. To do this obviously requires that one use a datadependent allocation rule for the two treatments rather...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.69.10.2993
更新日期:1972-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::A gradual buildup of neuronal activity known as the "readiness potential" reliably precedes voluntary self-initiated movements, in the average time locked to movement onset. This buildup is presumed to reflect the final stages of planning and preparation for movement. Here we present a different interpretation of the ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1210467109
更新日期:2012-10-16 00:00:00
abstract::Centrosome reorientation to the immunological synapse maintains the specificity of T-cell effector function by facilitating the directional release of cytokines and cytolytic factors toward the antigen-presenting cell. This polarization response is driven by the localized accumulation of diacylglycerol, which recruits...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1306180110
更新日期:2013-07-16 00:00:00
abstract::We describe a fractionation and purification scheme for the Drosophila RNA polymerase II general transcription factors. Drosophila TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH, and RNA polymerase II have been purified to greater than 50% homogeneity from Drosophila embryo nuclear extracts. TFIID has been purified 80-fold and is not significan...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.93.12.5788
更新日期:1996-06-11 00:00:00
abstract::The C-terminal domains of the two alpha-subunits (alphaCTD) in Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) recognize specific sequences called UP elements in some promoters. These interactions can increase transcription dramatically. Previously, effects of upstream DNA-alphaCTD interactions on transcription were quantified...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0405814102
更新日期:2005-01-11 00:00:00
abstract::Electrophilic neurite outgrowth-promoting prostaglandin (NEPP) compounds protect neurons from oxidative insults. At least part of the neuroprotective action of NEPPs lies in induction of hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), which, along with other phase II enzymes, serve as a defense system against oxidative stress. Here, we found...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0505723102
更新日期:2006-01-17 00:00:00
abstract::Functional transcription elongation complexes can be formed by adding RNA polymerase in trans to a preformed nucleic acid construct. This construct consists of a double-stranded DNA fragment that contains a noncomplementary (permanent DNA bubble) region into which an RNA primer oligonucleotide has been hybridized. By ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.91.20.9539
更新日期:1994-09-27 00:00:00
abstract::Pressures of 200-1000 atmospheres (20-100 MPa) are found to decrease significantly the amount of phosphate (H32PO4-2)transported into the rabbit erythrocyte under otherwise physiological conditions. Such compression does not cause irreversible morphological changes or result in membrane disruption. The findings are in...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.73.8.2767
更新日期:1976-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The exo isomer of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) 8,9-epoxide appears to be the only product of AFB1 involved in reaction with DNA and reacts with the N7 atom of guanine via an SN2 reaction from an intercalated state. Although the epoxide hydrolyzes rapidly in H2O (0.6 s-1 at 25 degrees C), very high yields of DNA adduct result. ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.94.12.6121
更新日期:1997-06-10 00:00:00
abstract::Diphtheria toxin ( DTx ) is an extremely potent inhibitor of protein synthesis. It is secreted as a linear polypeptide, which is cleaved to produce disulfide-linked A and B fragments. Fragment A, the inhibitor of protein synthesis, requires fragment B, the recognition subunit, for entry into intact cells. Fragment B h...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.81.11.3341
更新日期:1984-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::MacArthur and Wilson [MacArthur, R. H. & Wilson, E. O. (1967) The Theory of Island Biogeography (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ)] used the rate of recolonization of the Krakatau Islands (sterilized in the cataclysmic 1883 eruption) by birds and vascular plants to test their equilibrium model of immigration and e...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.85.2.515
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A cylindrical detonating explosive behaves like a non-Newtonian viscous fluid emerging from a cylindrical pipe. The expression for non-Newtonian viscous flow has been applied to detonating explosives. The resultant fit to emerging flame fronts from detonation is excellent for a wide variety of detonating explosives bo...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.77.10.5575
更新日期:1980-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have isolated a cDNA clone, called Dmyd for Drosophila myogenic-determination gene, that encodes a protein with structural and functional characteristics similar to the members of the vertebrate MyoD family. Dmyd clone encodes a polypeptide of 332 amino acids with 82% identity to MyoD in the 41 amino acids of the p...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.9.3782
更新日期:1991-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tauopathies are a class of neurodegenerative diseases associated with pathological tau. Despite many advances in our understanding of these diseases, the direct mechanism through which tau contributes to neurodegeneration remains poorly understood. Previously, our laboratory implicated the histone demethylase LSD1 in ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2013552117
更新日期:2020-11-17 00:00:00
abstract::In higher eukaryotic cells, mitochondria are essential subcellular organelles for energy production, cell signaling, and the biosynthesis of biomolecules. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome is indispensable for mitochondrial function because it encodes protein subunits of the electron transport chain and a full set ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1911252116
更新日期:2019-09-03 00:00:00
abstract::Mutations in the iPLA2-VIA/PLA2G6 gene are responsible for PARK14-linked Parkinson's disease (PD) with α-synucleinopathy. However, it is unclear how iPLA2-VIA mutations lead to α-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation and dopaminergic (DA) neurodegeneration. Here, we report that iPLA2-VIA-deficient Drosophila exhibits defects ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1902958116
更新日期:2019-10-08 00:00:00