Abstract:
:Given the widely noted increase in the warming effects of rising greenhouse gas concentrations, it has been unclear why global surface temperatures did not rise between 1998 and 2008. We find that this hiatus in warming coincides with a period of little increase in the sum of anthropogenic and natural forcings. Declining solar insolation as part of a normal eleven-year cycle, and a cyclical change from an El Nino to a La Nina dominate our measure of anthropogenic effects because rapid growth in short-lived sulfur emissions partially offsets rising greenhouse gas concentrations. As such, we find that recent global temperature records are consistent with the existing understanding of the relationship among global surface temperature, internal variability, and radiative forcing, which includes anthropogenic factors with well known warming and cooling effects.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Kaufmann RK,Kauppi H,Mann ML,Stock JHdoi
10.1073/pnas.1102467108subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-07-19 00:00:00pages
11790-3issue
29eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490pii
1102467108journal_volume
108pub_type
历史文章,杂志文章abstract::Recombination in some intervals of the map of phage lambda is associated with more DNA synthesis than in other intervals. Blockage of DNA synthesis by high temperature in a host temperature-sensitive for DNA synthesis results in the relative reduction of recombinant frequencies in those regions having the larger amoun...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.69.12.3598
更新日期:1972-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Proinflammatory signaling pathways are commonly up-regulated in breast cancer. In estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) have been described as independent predictors of disease outcome. We further explore these findings by ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1709119114
更新日期:2017-12-05 00:00:00
abstract::A density-shift method is described for analyzing insulin receptor synthesis and turnover in cultured cells labeled with "heavy" amino acids (2H, 13C, and 15N). Solubilized newly synthesized heavy and old "light" receptors are separated by isopycnic banding on CsCl gradients and then quantitated. Insulin receptor synt...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.77.1.285
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The murine-virus-infected erythroleukemia cell system provides an opportunity to examine regulatory mechanisms controlling cytodifferentiation. A cloned cell line (DR10c3) resistant to the erythropoiesis-inducing effect of dimethylsulfoxide (Me2SO) was isolated from the Me2SO-sensitive line DS19. DR10c3 is characteriz...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.73.4.1232
更新日期:1976-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The parietal cell (PC) plays an important role in normal gastric physiology and in common diseases of the stomach. Although the genes involved in acid secretion are well known, there is limited molecular information about other aspects of PC function. We have generated a comprehensive database of genes expressed prefe...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.231332398
更新日期:2001-11-20 00:00:00
abstract::Thymopoietin, a polypeptide hormone of the thymus that has pleiotropic actions on the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems, potently interacts with the neuromuscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Thymopoietin binds to the nicotinic alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BGT) receptor in muscle and, like alpha-BGT, inhibits c...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章,收录出版
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.6.2603
更新日期:1991-03-15 00:00:00
abstract::The role of missense changes in BRCA1 in breast cancer susceptibility has been difficult to establish. We used comparative evolutionary methods to identify potential functionally important amino acid sites in exon 11 and missense changes likely to disrupt gene function, aligning sequences from 57 eutherian mammals and...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0237285100
更新日期:2003-02-04 00:00:00
abstract::The repeatability of evolutionary change is difficult to quantify because only a single outcome can usually be observed for any precise set of circumstances. In this study, however, we have quantified the frequency of parallel and divergent genetic changes in 12 initially identical populations of Escherichia coli that...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0602917103
更新日期:2006-06-13 00:00:00
abstract::At the synapse, presynaptic membranes specialized for vesicular traffic are linked to postsynaptic membranes specialized for signal transduction. The mechanisms that connect pre- and postsynaptic membranes into synaptic junctions are unknown. Neuroligins and beta-neurexins are neuronal cell-surface proteins that bind ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.96.3.1100
更新日期:1999-02-02 00:00:00
abstract::The mechanical properties of engineering structures continuously weaken during service life because of material fatigue or degradation. By contrast, living organisms are able to strengthen their mechanical properties by regenerating parts of their structures. For example, plants strengthen their cell structures by tra...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2016524118
更新日期:2021-01-19 00:00:00
abstract::Dynamic signals linking the actin cytoskeleton and cell adhesion receptors are essential for morphogenesis during development and normal tissue homeostasis. Abi1 is a central regulator of actin polymerization through interactions with multiple protein complexes. However, the in vivo role of Abi1 remains to be defined....
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1012316108
更新日期:2011-01-04 00:00:00
abstract::Debate over the influence of postwildfire management on future fire severity is occurring in the absence of empirical studies. We used satellite data, government agency records, and aerial photography to examine a forest landscape in southwest Oregon that burned in 1987 and then was subject, in part, to salvage-loggin...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0700229104
更新日期:2007-06-19 00:00:00
abstract::Organic matter is responsible for the generation of hydrocarbons during the thermal maturation of source rock formation. This geochemical process engenders a network of organic hosted pores that governs the flow of hydrocarbons from the organic matter to fractures created during the stimulation of production wells. Th...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1808402115
更新日期:2018-12-04 00:00:00
abstract::The nature of integrated viral DNA in normal and leukemic chicken cells has been studied by sequential nucleic acid hybridization procedures that localize the viral specific DNA in cellular DNA regions differing in reiteration frequency. First, DNA.DNA reassociation was employed to fractionate cellular DNA sequences a...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.71.8.3152
更新日期:1974-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::We used integrin alphaLbeta2 heterodimers containing I domains locked open (active) or closed (inactive) with disulfide bonds to investigate regulatory interactions among domains in integrins. mAbs to the alphaL I domain and beta2 I-like domain inhibit adhesion of wild-type alphaLbeta2 to intercellular adhesion molecu...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.041618598
更新日期:2001-02-27 00:00:00
abstract::The Ten-Eleven-Translocation 2 (TET2) gene encodes a member of TET family enzymes that alters the epigenetic status of DNA by oxidizing 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Somatic loss-of-function mutations of TET2 are frequently observed in patients with diverse myeloid malignancies, including myelody...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1112317108
更新日期:2011-08-30 00:00:00
abstract::The primary structure of proteins S1, the largest protein component of the Escherichia coli ribosome, has been elucidated by determining the amino acid sequence of the protein (from E. coli MRE600) and the nucleotide sequence of the S1 gene (rpsA, of a K-12 strain). The two methods gave results in perfect agreement ex...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.79.4.1008
更新日期:1982-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), an intracellular signaling pathway that adjusts the protein folding capacity of the ER according to need. If homeostasis in the ER protein folding environment cannot be reestablished, cells commit to apop...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1010580107
更新日期:2010-09-14 00:00:00
abstract::The amyloid beta-protein precursor (AbetaPP) is best known as the parent molecule to the amyloid beta-peptide that accumulates in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Secreted isoforms of AbetaPP that contain the Kunitz proteinase inhibitor domain are analogous to the previously identified cell-secreted pr...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0507798102
更新日期:2005-12-13 00:00:00
abstract::Spreading depression (SD), a slow diffusion-mediated self-sustained wave of depolarization that severely disrupts neuronal function, has been implicated as a cause of cellular injury in a number of central nervous system pathologies, including blind spots in the retina. Here we show that in the hypoglycemic chicken re...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1121111109
更新日期:2012-02-14 00:00:00
abstract::The v-jun oncogene encodes a nuclear DNA binding protein that functions as a transcription factor and is part of the activator protein 1 complex. Oncogenic transformation by v-jun is thought to be mediated by the aberrant expression of specific target genes. To identify such Jun-regulated genes and to explore the mech...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.94.23.12396
更新日期:1997-11-11 00:00:00
abstract::Psoralens linked to triplex-forming oligonucleotides (psoTFOs) have been used in conjunction with laser-induced two-photon excitation (TPE) to damage a specific DNA target sequence. To demonstrate that TPE can initiate photochemistry resulting in psoralen-DNA photoadducts, target DNA sequences were incubated with psoT...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.201409698
更新日期:2001-09-25 00:00:00
abstract::The GTPase-activating protein (GAP) has been postulated to function either as a negative regulator or as a possible target protein of Ras in mammalian cells and Xenopus oocytes. Ras must be localized in the plasma membrane of vertebrate cells to function, but GAP is localized in the cytosol. To test whether Ras functi...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.17.6630
更新日期:1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::A defined, minimal medium for the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum is reported. ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.74.5.2157
更新日期:1977-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::As a dynamic property of folded proteins, protein compressibility provides important information about the forces that govern structural stability. We relate intrinsic compressibility to stability by using molecular dynamics to identify a molecular basis for the variation in compressibility among globular proteins. We...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2434157100
更新日期:2003-12-09 00:00:00
abstract::A careful review of the literature in political science and neighboring social science disciplines shows that prevailing assumptions in the international development policy community about improved governance as a principal mechanism to reduce poverty in Africa rests more on faith than science. Conventional policy mod...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0700696104
更新日期:2007-10-23 00:00:00
abstract::Hypertonicity-induced binding of the transcription factor TonEBP/OREBP to its cognate DNA element, ORE/TonE, is associated with increased transcription of several osmotically regulated genes. Previously, it was found that hypertonicity rapidly causes nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of TonEBP/OREBP and, more ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.241637298
更新日期:2002-01-22 00:00:00
abstract::The role of the renin-angiotensin system in blood pressure control and in the development of hypertension was investigated by generating transgenic mice carrying the rat renin or angiotensinogen gene or both genes under the control of the mouse metallothionein I promoter. The systolic blood pressure was significantly ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.87.13.5153
更新日期:1990-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The genetic code in a eukaryotic system has been expanded by the engineering of Escherichia coli tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) with the Y37V and Q195C mutations (37V195C), which specifically recognize 3-iodo-L-tyrosine rather than L-tyrosine. In the present study, we determined the 3-iodo-L-tyrosine- and L-tyrosine-...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0407039102
更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Keratins 14 and 5 are the structural hallmarks of the basal keratinocytes of the epidermis and outer root sheath (ORS) of the hair follicle. Their genes are controlled in a tissue-specific manner and thus serve as useful tools to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms involved in keratinocyte-specific transcription. Prev...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.051633598
更新日期:2001-02-27 00:00:00