Abstract：
:Fourteen patients with high- (n = 7) and low-dose (n = 7) benzodiazepine (BDZ) dependency presented predominantly with anxious and depressive neurotic symptoms which caused long-term BDZ medication. Their BDZ dependency was characterized by giving preference to the abuse of benzodiazepines with long elimination half-life. Significant enlargement of CSF spaces was only found in high-dose dependent patients. Withdrawal after long-term BDZ medication revealed no differences between high- and low-dose BDZ dependency with respect to onset of withdrawal reaction and the correlation between onset of withdrawal and peak fall of BDZ serum level. The peak of withdrawal was reached 3-4 days later in high-dose BDZ dependent patients compared with those with a low-dose dependency. The peak withdrawal in high-dose dependent patients appeared when the serum BDZ metabolite nordiazepam dropped significantly. No such concomitant appearance of peak withdrawal and drop of serum nordiazepam level could be found in low-dose dependent patients. Specificity and intensity of BDZ withdrawal symptoms were the same for those dependent upon high doses of BDZs and those dependent upon low doses, but a protracted withdrawal was only observed in low-dose BDZ-dependent patients. During the withdrawal period psychopathometric measurements consistently revealed parallel changes in the scores for physical withdrawal symptoms, anxiety and depression. It is not clear whether anxiety and depression are "typical" BDZ withdrawal reactions or represent a "reactivated" state of the psychopathological disturbance which lead to the BDZ dependency. Possible implications for the therapeutical management of BDZ-dependent patients are discussed.
journal_name
Brain Res Bulljournal_title
Brain research bulletinauthors
Schmauss C,Apelt S,Emrich HMdoi
10.1016/0361-9230(87)90109-2subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1987-09-01 00:00:00pages
393-400issue
3eissn
0361-9230issn
1873-2747pii
0361-9230(87)90109-2journal_volume
19pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), a cytokine with pronounced central effects such as fever, anorexia, analgesia, etc., is also known to activate the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) neurons located in the hypothalamus are important for HPA activation. The cell bodies of CRH n...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.02.021
更新日期：2005-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic brain implants are accompanied by a tissue response that causes the loss of neurons in the vicinity of the implant and the formation of a glial scar that is also referred to as foreign body response. Despite immense progress in the field of brain-computer interface (BCI) research the biocompatibility of chroni...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.08.001
更新日期：2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In a previous study, it was shown that the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) in the left hemisphere contains higher concentration of glutamate than in the right hemisphere. The purpose of the present study was to examine potential relationship between this neurochemical asymmetry and behavior. Rats with either left, rig...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(90)90074-a
更新日期：1990-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Single unit recordings were used to map the spatial distribution of motor (MI) cortical influences on thalamic somatosensory relay nuclei in the rat. A total of 215 microelectrode penetrations were made to record single neurons in tracks through the medial and lateral ventroposterior (VPM and VPL), ventrolateral (VL),...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(90)90213-j
更新日期：1990-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Developmental changes in the control of neurite extension by extracellular factors can be examined by utilizing cultures of neurons from various aged embryos. Several conditioned media and tissue extracts were added to cultures of chick embryo retinal neurons on collagen substrates for 1, 3 and 5 days in vitro. Neurit...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(87)90112-2
更新日期：1987-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effect of regucalcin, a Ca(2+)-binding protein, on Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase activity in the brain cytosol of rats with different ages (5 and 50 weeks old) was investigated. The addition of calmodulin (10 microg/ml) or dioctanoylglycerol (5 microg/ml) in the enzyme reaction mixture caused a significant incre...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00184-7
更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The subiculum may be the key structure in the transfer of relevant processed information from the hippocampal formation to cortical areas. We investigated the location of the serotonin 1B receptor (5-HT1B) in the hippocampus with the specific ligand serotonin-O-carboxymethyl-glycyl[125I]tyrosinamide in rat brain secti...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(95)00066-n
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The primary visual pathway exhibits a symmetrical anatomical structure, initially arising from the left and right retinas, passing through the lateral geniculate nucleus, and finally projecting to the left and right primary visual cortices. However, to our knowledge, studies based on scalp EEG have not provided adequa...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.11.005
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In rats, on the 25th day after the start of a thiamine-deficient (TD) diet, impairment of avoidance learning was significantly induced in proportion to the decrease somatostatin (SST) fluorescence intensity in the cortex, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, and hippocampus, including the CA1, CA2, and dentate gyrus (DG)...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00201-4
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Levels of serotonin were measureed in microdissected, individual brain nuclei in ovariectomized rats after treatment with ovarian hormones. Regions sampled included nuclei in the forebrain, rostral and medial hypothalamus, and midbrain tegmentum. Estradiol benzoate decreased levels of luteinizing hormone in plasma but...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(79)90044-3
更新日期：1979-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Opioid antagonists such as naltrexone, naloxone, and ICI174864 induce a transient downregulation of delta opioid receptors prior to upregulation in NG108-15 cells. Here we show that naltrexone can also elicit a transient downregulation of delta 2 opioid receptors preceding upregulation in brain. A 1 h treatment of rat...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(94)90218-6
更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fractal nature of the human sleep EEG was revealed recently. In the literature there are some attempts to relate fractal features to spectral properties. However, a comprehensive assessment of the relationship between fractal and power spectral measures is still missing. Therefore, in the present study we investigated...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.12.005
更新日期：2011-04-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity, affecting a person's thoughts, behavior, motivation, feelings and sense of well-being, which is associated with dramatical gene expression changes in hippocampus. Rodents induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) demonstrate typical depression-like ...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.06.001
更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Arachidonic acid [20:4(N-6)] has been implicated in neurological damage induced by cerebral ischaemia. Membrane arachidonate concentrations can be reduced by changes in dietary fat intake. Therefore, in the present study, we have investigated the effects of N-3 fatty acid supplementation on neuronal damage induced by ...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(93)90180-j
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The pattern of NADPH-diaphorase expression was studied in the retina and optic tectum of the cichlid fish Tilapia mariae during the first developmental stages. NADPH-diaphorase activity was seen early, at hatching. In the retina a few cell bodies of the retinal inner nuclear layer showed a faint labeling. Scattered la...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00451-8
更新日期：2001-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:In recent years, increasing number of data indicate that cerebral structures exert a direct, pituitary-independent, neural regulatory action on the endocrine glands. In addition, both experimental and clinical observations indicate functional asymmetry of the control system. Therefore, the objective of the present stu...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0361-9230(00)00337-3
更新日期：2000-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia involve social interaction problems and poor mentalizing abilities, associated with abnormal regional cerebral activity. Similar problems may be present in aggressive personality disorders and psychopathy. This paper reviews brain imaging data from research...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.01.008
更新日期：2006-04-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Several studies have demonstrated alterations in the dopamine (DA) system after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Additionally, the existence of significant sex-related differences in the dopaminergic system has long been recognized. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to investigate whether TBI would differ...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.05.010
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To elucidate the role of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) in stress-induced prolactin (Prl) release, adult male rats which had received monosodium glutamate (MSG 4 mg/g) on alternate days for the first 10 days of life were subjected to ether stress for 2 min. Blood samples were drawn at 0, 15, 30 and 60 min after e...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(83)90068-0
更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Regeneration following bilateral optic nerve crush was studied in groups of goldfish housed either on a standard diurnal cycle or under total light deprivation. Unoperated fish were included in each deprivation condition. Regeneration was only slightly delayed in the surgical group housed under light deprivation (68-8...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(82)90034-x
更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Evidence exists that nitric oxide (NO) may mediate both protective and pathological responses during brain hypoxia (HP). Reactive oxygen species have also been implicated in the pathophysiological response of the brain tissues to HP. Therefore, this study investigated whether a NO precursor, l-arginine (l-arg), a free...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.07.004
更新日期：2010-08-30 00:00:00
abstract：:According to recently published papers acylated-ghrelin (A-Ghr) modifies memory and learning. The basolateral nucleus of amygdala (ABL) participates in the regulation of memory and learning mechanisms. Previously we verified A-Ghr responsive neurons in the ABL by electrophysiological methods. In male Wistar rats effec...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.10.003
更新日期：2010-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The effect of pretreatment of geranylgeranylacetone (GGA), an inducer of heat shock protein (HSP) 70, on responses in sleep and core body temperature (Tcore) against sleep deprivation (SD) was examined in rats. After 3 days of GGA or vehicle injection, a 6-h period of SD was performed. During the recovery period, both...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.02.004
更新日期：2006-04-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Isolated, superfused bullfrog retinas were stimulated in such a manner as to allow examination of the dynamics of the shift in the stimulus-response curve that accompanies light adaptation of cone photoreceptors. Observed phenomena were highly temperature dependent with complex Arrhenius relationships, suggesting that...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(87)90139-0
更新日期：1987-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mammals and birds are the only animals that exhibit high-amplitude slow-waves (SWs) in the electroencephalogram during sleep. The SWs that characterize slow-wave sleep (SWS) in mammals and birds reflect the large-scale synchronization of slow neuronal activity. In mammals, this synchronization is dependent upon the hi...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.02.010
更新日期：2007-05-30 00:00:00
abstract：:The serotonin(2A) (5HT(2A)) receptors have been shown to play an important role in several psychiatric disorders, including depression, schizophrenia, and alcoholism. This immunohistochemical study examined the cellular localization of 5HT(2A) receptors in various rat brain structures (olfactory, striatum, cortex, hip...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00278-6
更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public-health problem for which mild TBI (MTBI) makes up majority of the cases. MTBI is a poorly-understood health problem and can persist for years manifesting into neurological and non-neurological problems that can affect functional outcome. Presently, diagnosis of MTBI is ba...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.01.007
更新日期：2012-03-10 00:00:00
abstract：:The developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphate pesticides targets serotonin (5HT) systems, which are involved in emotional and appetitive behaviors. We exposed neonatal rats to daily doses of diazinon on postnatal days 1-4, using doses (0.5 or 2mg/kg) spanning the threshold for barely-detectable cholinesterase inh...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.008
更新日期：2008-03-28 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to determine whether elevated levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), the major metabolite of dopamine (DA) in the brain, could decrease the DA content in the striatum. Levels of DA were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) i...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(92)90161-p
更新日期：1992-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The analysis of physiological processes in brain by position emission tomography (PET) is facilitated when images are spatially normalized to a standard coordinate system. Thus, PET activation studies of human brain frequently employ the common stereotaxic coordinates of Talairach. We have developed an analogous stere...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.02.033
更新日期：2005-07-15 00:00:00
