UV damage to hair and the effect of antioxidants and metal chelators.

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of addition of a redox metal, copper, antioxidants and metal chelators on the formation of free radicals in natural white Caucasian hair subsequently exposed to UV light. Three different methods, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), a fluorescent probe for hydroxyl radical formation (terephthalate) and free radical photoyellowing, were used. These methods utilized different UV sources and reaction conditions, and so can give insights into the different mechanisms of action occurring during UV oxidation of hair. In addition, this study demonstrates how antioxidants and chelators can be screened to determine whether they can protect hair from UV damage. RESULTS:The three methods gave somewhat different results, illustrating the importance of reaction conditions and wavelength on the photochemical mechanisms, and the efficacy of additives to influence these reactions. EPR results showed that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) pre-treatment eliminated the intensity of the signal because of sulphur and carbon free radicals in white hair both before and after exposure to UVB radiation. Doping the hair with copper ions had no effect on the intensity of the EPR signal under dry conditions. Terephthalate fluorescent probe data showed that under wet conditions, irradiation of white hair with UVA produced significant amounts of hydroxyl radicals. Pre-treatment of hair with NAC reduced the number of •OH radicals produced by natural white hair compared to an untreated control. In contrast to the EPR result, white hair doped with copper ions produced significantly higher levels of •OH radicals under wet conditions. It appears that the ability of copper ions to catalyse the photogeneration free radicals in hair is highly dependent on water content. Photoyellowing data showed a benefit for oxalic acid but no difference for NAC and an increase in yellowing for EDTA. CONCLUSION:The micro-EPR and terephthalate fluorescent probe methods are both effective techniques to study production of free radicals by hair exposed to UV light under wet and dry conditions, respectively. Both assays are simple methods for determining the effectiveness of potential protective hair treatments against UV damage, but because they assess free radical damage under dry vs wet conditions, the chemistry created on UV exposure is different. This gives insights into mechanism of action, but results may not be consistent between the two methods for actives added for reduction of UV damage. NAC pre-treatment did reduce free radical generation in UV-exposed hair under both wet and dry conditions. Photoyellowing data are more complicated as it is a less direct measure of UV damage and is highly dependent on irradiation source. Using UVB irradiation is experimentally convenient but may not be appropriate, because UVB wavelengths comprise only 0.3% of terrestrial sunlight. The photochemistry of hair exposed to sunlight involves concurrent photobleaching and photoyellowing processes and is far more complex. Under UVB irradiation conditions, oxalic acid showed a yellowing benefit. OBJECTIF:Étudier les effets de l’ajout d’un métal redox, d’un cuivre, d’antioxydants et de chélateurs de métaux sur la formation de radicaux libres dans les cheveux naturels blancs de Caucasiens, exposés par la suite à des rayons  à ultraviolets. Trois méthodes différentes, la résonance paramagnétique électronique (RPE), une sonde fluorescente pour la formation de radicaux hydroxyles (téréphtalate) et le photojaunissement dû aux radicaux libres ont été utilisées. Ces méthodes ont utilisé différentes sources d’UV et de conditions de réaction, et peuvent par conséquent donner un aperçu des différents mécanismes d’action qui se produisent lors de l’oxydation des cheveux aux UV. Par ailleurs, cette étude montre comment les antioxydants et les chélateurs peuvent être analysés en vue de déterminer s’ils peuvent protéger les cheveux contre les dommages causés par les UV. RÉSULTATS: Les trois méthodes ont donné des résultats quelque peu différents, ce qui illustre l’importance des conditions de réaction et de la longueur d’onde sur les mécanismes photochimiques, ainsi que l’efficacité des additifs influençant ces réactions. Les résultats de la RPE ont montré que le traitement préalable par N-acétylcystéine (NAC) éliminait l’intensité du signal en raison de la présence du soufre et des radicaux libres de carbone dans les cheveux blancs, avant et après l’exposition aux rayons UVB. Le dopage des cheveux avec des ions de cuivre n’a eu aucun effet sur l’intensité du signal RPE en condition sèche. Les données des sondes fluorescentes de téréphtalate ont montré qu’en conditions humides, l’irradiation des cheveux blancs avec des UVA produisait d’importantes quantités de radicaux hydroxyles. Le traitement préalable des cheveux par N-acétylcystéine a réduit le nombre de radicaux hydroxyles produits par les cheveux blancs naturels comparé à un témoin non traité. Contrairement au résultat de la RPE, les cheveux blancs dopés avec des ions de cuivre ont produit des concentrations beaucoup plus élevées de radicaux hydroxyles en conditions humides. Il apparaît que la capacité des ions de cuivre à catalyser les radicaux libres photogénérés dans les cheveux dépend fortement de la teneur en eau. Les données relatives au photojaunissement ont démontré un avantage pour l’acide oxalique, aucune différence pour la N-acétylcystéine et une augmentation du jaunissement pour l’EDTA. CONCLUSION:Les méthodes de sonde fluorescente micro-RPE et téréphtalate sont deux techniques efficaces d’étude de la production de radicaux libres sur les cheveux exposés aux rayons ultraviolets en conditions humides et sèches, respectivement. Les deux tests sont des méthodes simples pour déterminer l’efficacité d’éventuels traitements de protection contre les dommages causés par les UV, mais étant donné qu’ils évaluent les dommages causés par les radicaux libres dans des conditions sèches ou humides, la réaction chimique créée lors de l’exposition aux UV est différente. Cela permet de mieux comprendre le mécanisme d’action, mais les résultats peuvent ne pas être cohérents entre les deux méthodes en raison des substances actives ajoutées pour réduire les dommages causés par les UV. Le traitement préalable par N-acétylcystéine a réduit la génération de radicaux libres dans les cheveux exposés aux UV en conditions humides et sèches. Les données de photojaunissement sont plus complexes, étant donné qu’il s’agit d’une mesure moins directe des dommages causés par les UV et qu’elles dépendent fortement de la source d’irradiation. L’utilisation de l’irradiation aux UVB est convenable d’un point de vue expérimental, mais peut ne pas être appropriée, car les longueurs d’onde UVB ne représentent que 0,3 % du rayonnement solaire terrestre. La photochimie de cheveux exposés à la lumière du soleil implique des processus de photoblanchiment et de photojaunissement concomitants, et est bien plus complexe. Dans des conditions d’irradiation aux UVB, l’acide oxalique a présenté un avantage en matière de jaunissement.

journal_name

Int J Cosmet Sci

authors

Millington KR,Marsh JM

doi

10.1111/ics.12601

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2020-04-01 00:00:00

pages

174-184

issue

2

eissn

0142-5463

issn

1468-2494

journal_volume

42

pub_type

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