Statistical methods to detect pleiotropy in human complex traits.

abstract：:The kinetochore is a complex structure whose function is absolutely essential. Unlike the centromere, the kinetochore at first appeared remarkably well conserved from yeast to humans, especially the microtubule-binding outer kinetochore. However, recent efforts towards biochemical reconstitution of diverse kinetochore...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Hamilton GE,Davis TN

更新日期：2020-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:TRPA1 is a non-selective cation channel involved in pain sensation and neurogenic inflammation. Although TRPA1 is well established in a number of organs including the nervous system, its presence and function in the mammalian cortex remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate the expression of TRPA1 in rodent somatosensory ...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Kheradpezhouh E,Choy JMC,Daria VR,Arabzadeh E

更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In animals, heterotrimeric G proteins, comprising α-, β-and γ-subunits, perceive extracellular stimuli through cell surface receptors, and transmit signals to ion channels, enzymes and other effector proteins to affect numerous cellular behaviours. In plants, G proteins have structural similarities to the correspondin...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Urano D,Chen JG,Botella JR,Jones AM

更新日期：2013-03-27 00:00:00

abstract：:Genetic material can be transmitted not only vertically from parent to offspring, but also laterally (horizontally) from one bacterial lineage to another. Lateral genetic transfer is non-uniform; biases in its nature or frequency construct communities of genetic exchange. These biases have been proposed to arise from ...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Skippington E,Ragan MA

更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Leucocytes form the principal cellular components of immunity and inflammation, existing as multiple subsets defined by distinct phenotypic and functional profiles. To date, this has most notably been documented for lymphocytes and monocytes. In contrast, as neutrophils are traditionally considered, to be short-lived,...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Beyrau M,Bodkin JV,Nourshargh S

更新日期：2012-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The structures of F-ATPases have been determined predominantly with mitochondrial enzymes, but hitherto no F-ATPase has been crystallized intact. A high-resolution model of the bovine enzyme built up from separate sub-structures determined by X-ray crystallography contains about 85% of the entire complex, but it lacks...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Morales-Rios E,Watt IN,Zhang Q,Ding S,Fearnley IM,Montgomery MG,Wakelam MJ,Walker JE

更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the first cell-fate decision of mouse preimplantation embryo development, a population of outer-residing polar cells is segregated from a second population of inner apolar cells to form two distinct cell lineages: the trophectoderm and the inner cell mass (ICM), respectively. Historically, two models have been ...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Mihajlović AI,Bruce AW

更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:With over 9000 species, squamates, which include lizards and snakes, are the largest group of reptiles and second-largest order of vertebrates, spanning a vast array of appendicular skeletal morphology. As such, they provide a promising system for examining developmental and molecular processes underlying limb morphol...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Melville J,Hunjan S,McLean F,Mantziou G,Boysen K,Parry LJ

更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Unlike most bacteria, mycobacteria rely on the multi-domain enzyme eukaryote-like fatty acid synthase I (FAS I) to make fatty acids de novo. These metabolites are precursors of the biosynthesis of most of the lipids present both in the complex mycobacteria cell wall and in the storage lipids inside the cell. In order ...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Cabruja M,Mondino S,Tsai YT,Lara J,Gramajo H,Gago G

更新日期：2017-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We here address the question of whether there is any correlation between subjective preference for simple configurations within a specific visual domain such as motion and strength of activity in visual areas in which that domain is emphasized. We prepared several distinctive patterns of dots in motion with various ch...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Zeki S,Stutters J

更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a promising cancer drug target as a molecular chaperone critical for stabilization and activation of several of the oncoproteins that drive cancer progression. Its actions depend upon its essential ATPase, an activity fortuitously inhibited with a very high degree of selectivity by nat...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Piper PW,Millson SH

更新日期：2012-12-12 00:00:00

abstract：:Tn5 transposase is a bacterial enzyme that integrates a DNA fragment into genomic DNA, and is used as a tool for detecting nucleosome-free regions of genomic DNA in eukaryotes. However, in chromatin, the DNA targeting by Tn5 transposase has remained unclear. In the present study, we reconstituted well-positioned 601 d...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Sato S,Arimura Y,Kujirai T,Harada A,Maehara K,Nogami J,Ohkawa Y,Kurumizaka H

更新日期：2019-08-30 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigment-Dispersing Factor (PDF) is an important neuropeptide in the brain circadian network of Drosophila and other insects, but its role in bees in which the circadian clock influences complex behaviour is not well understood. We combined high-resolution neuroanatomical characterizations, quantification of PDF levels...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Beer K,Kolbe E,Kahana NB,Yayon N,Weiss R,Menegazzi P,Bloch G,Helfrich-Förster C

更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Indirect flight muscles (IFMs) in adult Drosophila provide the key power stroke for wing beating. They also serve as a valuable model for studying muscle development. An age-dependent decline in Drosophila free flight has been documented, but its relation to gross muscle structure has not yet been explored satisfactor...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Chaturvedi D,Prabhakar S,Aggarwal A,Atreya KB,VijayRaghavan K

更新日期：2019-06-28 00:00:00

abstract：:Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts of a recently discovered class of genes which do not code for proteins. LncRNA genes are approximately as numerous as protein-coding genes in the human genome. However, comparatively little remains known about lncRNA functions. We globally interrogated changes in the lncR...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Lin CY,Kleinbrink EL,Dachet F,Cai J,Ju D,Goldstone A,Wood EJ,Liu K,Jia H,Goustin AS,Kosir MA,Thepsuwan P,Lipovich L

更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:How a single genome can give rise to distinct cell types remains a fundamental question in biology. Mammals are able to specify and maintain hundreds of cell fates by selectively activating unique subsets of their genome. This is achieved, in part, by enhancers-genetic elements that can increase transcription of both ...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Tafessu A,Banaszynski LA

更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a highly conserved energy sensor, has a crucial role in cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases, as well as in cancer and metabolic disorders. Accumulating studies have demonstrated that AMPK activation enhances paracellular junctions, ...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Sun X,Zhu MJ

更新日期：2017-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Following thymic output, αβ⁺CD4⁺ T cells become activated in the periphery when they encounter peptide-major histocompatibility complex. A combination of cytokine and co-stimulatory signals instructs the differentiation of T cells into various lineages and subsequent expansion and contraction during an appropriate and...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Coomes SM,Pelly VS,Wilson MS

更新日期：2013-01-23 00:00:00

abstract：:Although systemic or local inflammation, commonly featured by cytokine activation, is implicated in patients with bone loss, the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. As microRNAs (miR), a class of small non-coding RNAs involved in essential physiological processes, have been found in bone cells, we aimed to invest...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Wang N,Zhou Z,Wu T,Liu W,Yin P,Pan C,Yu X

更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The urine of bank voles (Myodes glareolus) contains substantial quantities of a small protein that is expressed at much higher levels in males than females, and at higher levels in males in the breeding season. This protein was purified and completely sequenced at the protein level by mass spectrometry. Leucine/isoleu...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Loxley GM,Unsworth J,Turton MJ,Jebb A,Lilley KS,Simpson DM,Rigden DJ,Hurst JL,Beynon RJ

更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Current ageing theories are far from satisfactory because of the many determinants involved in ageing. The well-known rate-of-living theory assumes that the product (lifetime energy expenditure, LEE) of maximum lifespan (MLS) and mass-specific basal metabolic rate (msBMR) is approximately constant. Although this theor...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Kitazoe Y,Hasegawa M,Tanaka M,Futami M,Futami J

更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Osteocytes secrete the glycoprotein sclerostin to inhibit bone formation by osteoblasts, but how sclerostin production is regulated in osteocytes remains unclear. Here, we show that tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1) in osteocytes promotes sclerostin secretion through inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin com...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Liu W,Wang Z,Yang J,Wang Y,Li K,Huang B,Yan B,Wang T,Li M,Zou Z,Yang J,Xiao G,Cui ZK,Liu A,Bai X

更新日期：2019-05-31 00:00:00

abstract：:Synaptic vesicle exocytosis relies on the tethering of release ready vesicles close to voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and specific lipids at the future site of fusion. This enables rapid and efficient neurotransmitter secretion during presynaptic depolarization by an action potential. Extensive research has revealed that...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Held RG,Kaeser PS

更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mutation in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) leads to an aberrant function of the enzyme, leading to the production of hydroxyglutarate, as well as changes in cellular metabolism, DNA methylation and histone modification. Previous studies uncovered mutations in IDH1 in several malignancies, with the most frequent mutati...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Yan B,Hu Y,Ma T,Wang Y

更新日期：2018-10-10 00:00:00

abstract：:Innate immunity relies entirely upon germ-line encoded receptors, signalling components and effector molecules for the recognition and elimination of invading pathogens. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster with its powerful collection of genetic and genomic tools has been the model of choice to develop ideas about i...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Kounatidis I,Ligoxygakis P

更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The innate immune response is the first line of defence against infection. Germ-line-encoded receptors recognize conserved molecular motifs from both exogenous and endogenous sources. Receptor activation results in the initiation of a pro-inflammatory immune response that enables the resolution of infection. Understan...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Bryant CE,Monie TP

更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T-cell identity is established by the expression of a clonotypic T-cell receptor (TCR), generated by somatic rearrangement of TCRα and β genes. The properties of the TCR determine both the degree of self-reactivity and the repertoire of antigens that can be recognized. For CD8 T cells, the relationship between TCR ide...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Swee LK,Tan ZW,Sanecka A,Yoshida N,Patel H,Grotenbreg G,Frickel EM,Ploegh HL

更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Vertebrate NCoR-family co-repressors play central roles in the timing of embryo and stem cell differentiation by repressing the activity of a range of transcription factors. They interact with nuclear receptors using short linear motifs (SLiMs) termed co-repressor for nuclear receptor (CoRNR) boxes. Here, we identify ...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Short S,Peterkin T,Guille M,Patient R,Sharpe C

更新日期：2015-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infections are typically lifelong, with small numbers of parasites surviving in restricted tissue sites, which include the gastrointestinal tract. There is considerable debate about the replicative status of these persistent parasites and whether there is a role for dormancy in long-term infe...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Ward AI,Olmo F,Atherton RL,Taylor MC,Kelly JM

更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aberrant tumour necrosis factor (TNF) signalling is a hallmark of many inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), irritable bowel disease and lupus. Maladaptive TNF signalling can lead to hyper active downstream nuclear factor (NF)-κβ signalling in turn amplifying a cell's inflammatory response and exa...

journal_title：Open biology

authors： Totzke J,Scarneo SA,Yang KW,Haystead TAJ

更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00