Molecular ruler determines needle length for the Salmonella Spi-1 injectisome.

abstract：:Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and tomato aspermy virus (TAV) belong to the Cucumovirus genus. They have a tripartite genome consisting of single-stranded RNAs, designated 1, 2, and 3. Previous studies have shown that viable pseudorecombinants could be created in vitro by reciprocal exchanges between CMV and TAV RNA 3, b...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Masuta C,Ueda S,Suzuki M,Uyeda I

更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bt toxins derived from the arthropod bacterial pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis are widely used for insect control as insecticides or in transgenic crops. Bt resistance has been found in field populations of several lepidopteran pests and in laboratory strains selected with Bt toxin. Widespread planting of crops expres...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Atsumi S,Miyamoto K,Yamamoto K,Narukawa J,Kawai S,Sezutsu H,Kobayashi I,Uchino K,Tamura T,Mita K,Kadono-Okuda K,Wada S,Kanda K,Goldsmith MR,Noda H

更新日期：2012-06-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Antibody raised against the human erythrocyte glucose transporter identified a recombinant lambda gt11 bacteriophage in a cDNA library prepared from immunoselected polysomal RNA from adult rat brain. The cDNA predicts a 492-amino acid protein that demonstrates 97.6% identity to the human hepatoma hexose carrier. The t...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Birnbaum MJ,Haspel HC,Rosen OM

更新日期：1986-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mitochondrial dysfunctions cause numerous human disorders. A platform technology based on biodegradable polymers for carrying bioactive molecules to the mitochondrial matrix could be of enormous potential benefit in treating mitochondrial diseases. Here we report a rationally designed mitochondria-targeted polymeric n...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Marrache S,Dhar S

更新日期：2012-10-02 00:00:00

abstract：:We present a method for designing a funnel-shaped free-energy surface that reproducibly assembles secondary structure elements of proteins into their native conformations from a random extended configuration. Assuming a priori knowledge of secondary structure, our method can design a funnel-shaped surface for folding ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Fain B,Levitt M

更新日期：2003-09-16 00:00:00

abstract：:Proteasomes are the multi-subunit protease thought to play a key role in the generation of peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. When cells are stimulated with interferon gamma, two MHC-encoded subunits, low molecular mass polypeptide (LMP) 2 and LMP7, and the MECL1 subunit en...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kasahara M,Hayashi M,Tanaka K,Inoko H,Sugaya K,Ikemura T,Ishibashi T

更新日期：1996-08-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Cytokines such as interleukin 4 (IL-4) play a key role in the regulation of immune responses, but little is known about how their multiple activities are regulated in vivo. In this report, we demonstrated that an IL-4-binding protein (IL-4BP) is constitutively present in the biological fluids of mice (serum, ascites, ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Fernandez-Botran R,Vitetta ES

更新日期：1990-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In contrast to the immunosuppressive potential of UVB (280-320 nm) radiation in experimental animals and humans, UVA (320-400 nm) radiation at environmentally relevant doses appears to be immunologically inert. However, such exposure to UVA radiation has been observed unexpectedly to induce resistance to UVB-induced i...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Reeve VE,Tyrrell RM

更新日期：1999-08-03 00:00:00

abstract：:Double immunofluorescent labeling experiments for lysosomes and either microtubules or vimentin intermediate filaments in cultured well-spread fibroblasts show a remarkable degree of superposition of the lysosomes and the microtubules. Under two different sets of conditions where the microtubules and intermediate fila...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Collot M,Louvard D,Singer SJ

更新日期：1984-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Miraculin (MCL) is a homodimeric protein isolated from the red berries of Richadella dulcifica. MCL, although flat in taste at neutral pH, has taste-modifying activity to convert sour stimuli to sweetness. Once MCL is held on the tongue, strong sweetness is sensed over 1 h each time we taste a sour solution. Neverthel...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Koizumi A,Tsuchiya A,Nakajima K,Ito K,Terada T,Shimizu-Ibuka A,Briand L,Asakura T,Misaka T,Abe K

更新日期：2011-10-04 00:00:00

abstract：:A Poincaré resolution is given for the supersymmetric ring of brackets over a signed alphabet. As a consequence, a resolution is found for the ring of coordinates of the Grassmanian variety in projective space over any infinite field. ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Anick D,Rota GC

更新日期：1991-09-15 00:00:00

abstract：:To elucidate the roles of IgE antibody in host responses to helminth infection, selective IgE-deficient SJA/9 mice were infected with the nematode parasites Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, which elicits remarkable potentiated IgE production, and Trichinella spiralis, which induces strong anti-Trichinella IgE antibody pr...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Watanabe N,Katakura K,Kobayashi A,Okumura K,Ovary Z

更新日期：1988-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In neurotransmission synaptotagmin-1 tethers synaptic vesicles to the presynaptic plasma membrane by binding to acidic membrane lipids and SNAREs and promotes rapid SNARE-mediated fusion upon Ca(2+) triggering. However, recent studies suggested that upon membrane contact synaptotagmin may not only bind in trans to the...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Vennekate W,Schröder S,Lin CC,van den Bogaart G,Grunwald M,Jahn R,Walla PJ

更新日期：2012-07-03 00:00:00

abstract：:Confronted with an object of perception, an individual will spontaneously try to identify unambiguously and consistently all its parts; except in rare instances of "illusory phenomena," he will immediately succeed. This elementary fact is formalized in a law of visual perception. It is used to define sets of stable st...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Shiman LG

更新日期：1978-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Given a collection L of n points on a sphere [Formula: see text] of surface area n, a fair allocation is a partition of the sphere into n parts each of area 1, and each is associated with a distinct point of L. We show that, if the n points are chosen uniformly at random and if the partition is defined by a certain "g...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Holden N,Peres Y,Zhai A

更新日期：2018-09-25 00:00:00

abstract：:Alternative ribosome subunit proteins are prevalent in the genomes of diverse bacterial species, but their functional significance is controversial. Attempts to study microbial ribosomal heterogeneity have mostly relied on comparing wild-type strains with mutants in which subunits have been deleted, but this approach ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Chen YX,Xu ZY,Ge X,Sanyal S,Lu ZJ,Javid B

更新日期：2020-08-11 00:00:00

abstract：:By immunoaffinity column chromatography, we have purified two RNA polymerase complexes, the transcriptase and replicase, from vesicular stomatitis virus-infected baby hamster kidney cells. The transcriptase is a multiprotein complex, containing the virus-encoded RNA polymerase L and P proteins, and two cellular protei...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Qanungo KR,Shaji D,Mathur M,Banerjee AK

更新日期：2004-04-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Twice each year, millions of night-migratory songbirds migrate thousands of kilometers. To find their way, they must process and integrate spatiotemporal information from a variety of cues including the Earth's magnetic field and the night-time starry sky. By using sensory-driven gene expression, we discovered that ni...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Mouritsen H,Feenders G,Liedvogel M,Wada K,Jarvis ED

更新日期：2005-06-07 00:00:00

abstract：:Protein-mediated electron transfer is an essential event in many biochemical processes. Efficient electron transfer requires the reorganization energy of the redox event to be minimized, which is ensured by the presence of rigid donor and acceptor sites. Electron transfer copper sites are present in the ubiquitous cup...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Zaballa ME,Abriata LA,Donaire A,Vila AJ

更新日期：2012-06-12 00:00:00

abstract：:Protein sequences are often highly redundant and evolution can change them beyond recognition. It can therefore be difficult to identify proteins with functional or structural similarities by inspection of their sequences. Here we have used an experimental evolutionary approach to detect hidden similarities between th...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Christ D,Winter G

更新日期：2003-11-11 00:00:00

abstract：:Host factor protein Cyclophilin A (CypA) regulates HIV-1 viral infectivity through direct interactions with the viral capsid, by an unknown mechanism. CypA can either promote or inhibit viral infection, depending on host cell type and HIV-1 capsid (CA) protein sequence. We have examined the role of conformational dyna...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Lu M,Hou G,Zhang H,Suiter CL,Ahn J,Byeon IJ,Perilla JR,Langmead CJ,Hung I,Gor'kov PL,Gan Z,Brey W,Aiken C,Zhang P,Schulten K,Gronenborn AM,Polenova T

更新日期：2015-11-24 00:00:00

abstract：:Histone methyltransferase G9a has critical roles in promoting cancer-cell growth and gene suppression, but whether it is also associated with the DNA damage response is rarely studied. Here, we report that loss of G9a impairs DNA damage repair and enhances the sensitivity of cancer cells to radiation and chemotherapeu...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Yang Q,Zhu Q,Lu X,Du Y,Cao L,Shen C,Hou T,Li M,Li Z,Liu C,Wu D,Xu X,Wang L,Wang H,Zhao Y,Yang Y,Zhu WG

更新日期：2017-07-25 00:00:00

abstract：:The human renin gene was isolated from a Charon 4A human genomic library and characterized. The gene spans about 11.7 kilobases and consists of 10 exons and 9 introns that map at points that could be variable surface loops of the enzyme. The complete coding regions, the 5'- and 3'-flanking regions, and the exon-intron...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Miyazaki H,Fukamizu A,Hirose S,Hayashi T,Hori H,Ohkubo H,Nakanishi S,Murakami K

更新日期：1984-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas tolaasii severely damages white button mushrooms by secretion of the pore-forming toxin tolaasin, the main virulence factor of brown blotch disease. Yet, fungus-associated helper bacteria of the genus Mycetocola (Mycetocola tolaasinivorans and Mycetocola lacteus) may protect their ho...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hermenau R,Kugel S,Komor AJ,Hertweck C

更新日期：2020-09-22 00:00:00

abstract：:Extragalactic X-ray surveys over the past decade have dramatically improved understanding of the majority populations of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) over most of the history of the universe. Here we briefly highlight some of the exciting discoveries about AGN demography, physics, and ecology, with a focus on results...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Brandt WN,Alexander DM

更新日期：2010-04-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Capsaicin (CP), the pungent component of chili pepper, acts on sensory neurons to convey the sensation of pain. The CP receptor, vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1), has been shown to be highly expressed by nociceptive neurons in dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia. We demonstrate here that the dendritic cell (DC), a key cell t...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Basu S,Srivastava P

更新日期：2005-04-05 00:00:00

abstract：:A molecular recognition code has been hypothesized to exist in which ligands and their binding sites are encoded on complementary segments of genomic DNA. We have tested this hypothesis by generating a rabbit antibody to a synthetic decapeptide (complementary peptide) encoded by an RNA complementary to the mRNA for lu...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Mulchahey JJ,Neill JD,Dion LD,Bost KL,Blalock JE

更新日期：1986-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:For almost a century the plant hormone auxin has been central to theories on apical dominance, whereby the growing shoot tip suppresses the growth of the axillary buds below. According to the classic model, the auxin indole-3-acetic acid is produced in the shoot tip and transported down the stem, where it inhibits bud...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Mason MG,Ross JJ,Babst BA,Wienclaw BN,Beveridge CA

更新日期：2014-04-22 00:00:00

abstract：:The toxicological significance of exposures to synthetic chemicals is examined in the context of exposures to naturally occurring chemicals. We calculate that 99.99% (by weight) of the pesticides in the American diet are chemicals that plants produce to defend themselves. Only 52 natural pesticides have been tested in...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ames BN,Profet M,Gold LS

更新日期：1990-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Viruses are the most common biological entities in the oceans by an order of magnitude. However, very little is known about their diversity. Here we report a genomic analysis of two uncultured marine viral communities. Over 65% of the sequences were not significantly similar to previously reported sequences, suggestin...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Breitbart M,Salamon P,Andresen B,Mahaffy JM,Segall AM,Mead D,Azam F,Rohwer F

更新日期：2002-10-29 00:00:00