Transcription factor evolution in eukaryotes and the assembly of the regulatory toolkit in multicellular lineages.

abstract：:Along the evolutionary path from single cells to multicellular organisms with a central nervous system are species of intermediate complexity that move in ways suggesting high-level coordination, yet have none. Instead, organisms of this type possess many autonomous cells endowed with programs that have evolved to ach...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Drescher K,Goldstein RE,Tuval I

更新日期：2010-06-22 00:00:00

abstract：:Scleroderma is a chronic systemic disease that leads to fibrosis of affected organs. Transforming growth factor (TGF) beta has been implicated in the pathogenesis of scleroderma. Smad proteins are signaling transducers downstream from TGF-beta receptors. Three families of Smads have been identified: (i) receptor-regul...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Dong C,Zhu S,Wang T,Yoon W,Li Z,Alvarez RJ,ten Dijke P,White B,Wigley FM,Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ

更新日期：2002-03-19 00:00:00

abstract：:A method is described for the production of hybridoma cell lines secreting antibodies directed against the polyoma virus tumor antigens (T-Ags). Ten cloned lines have been established by this procedure and designated alpha Py Cl and C4, with activities against all three T-Ags; alpha Py LT1, -4 and -7, with activities ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Dilworth SM,Griffin BE

更新日期：1982-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glucagon and insulin are first detectable at the onset of rat pancreas organogenesis. Initially, the specific activity of glucagon is approximately 100-fold higher than that of insulin. At this early stage, endocrine storage granules, similar to alpha granules, are identifiable in electron micrographs. The granule cha...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Rall LB,Pictet RL,Williams RH,Rutter WJ

更新日期：1973-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Thresholds are frequently thought to be involved in the development of discrete structures in response to a shallow, monotonic gradient of morphogenetic information. We propose a mechanism for threshold setting that incorporates two essential components: (i) determinator genes that produce intracellular "determinators...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： McCarrey JR,Riggs AD

更新日期：1986-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Using an FK506 affinity column to identify mammalian immunosuppressant-binding proteins, we identified an immunophilin with an apparent M(r) approximately 55,000, which we have named FKBP52. We used chemically determined peptide sequence and a computerized algorithm to search GenPept, the translated GenBank data base,...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Peattie DA,Harding MW,Fleming MA,DeCenzo MT,Lippke JA,Livingston DJ,Benasutti M

更新日期：1992-11-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The matrix-2 (M2) protein from influenza A virus is a tetrameric, integral transmembrane (TM) protein that plays a vital role in viral replication by proton flux into the virus. The His37 tetrad is a pH sensor in the center of the M2 TM helix that activates the channel in response to the low endosomal pH. M2 consists ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Torabifard H,Panahi A,Brooks CL 3rd

更新日期：2020-02-18 00:00:00

abstract：:Single-stranded (ss) RNA viruses infect all domains of life. To date, for most ssRNA virions, only the structures of the capsids and their associated protein components have been resolved to high resolution. Qβ, an ssRNA phage specific for the conjugative F-pilus, has a T = 3 icosahedral lattice of coat proteins assem...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Gorzelnik KV,Cui Z,Reed CA,Jakana J,Young R,Zhang J

更新日期：2016-10-11 00:00:00

abstract：:Distinct subsets of thymic epithelial cells (TECs) support T-cell development and selection. Isolated TECs contain multicellular complexes that enclose many viable thymocytes. However, the functions of those TECs, termed thymic nurse cells (TNCs), are unclear and the idea that TNCs are present in vivo is questioned. H...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Nakagawa Y,Ohigashi I,Nitta T,Sakata M,Tanaka K,Murata S,Kanagawa O,Takahama Y

更新日期：2012-12-11 00:00:00

abstract：:In adult rat testes, the blood-testis barrier (BTB) in the seminiferous epithelium must "open" (or "disassemble") to accommodate the migration of preleptotene spermatocytes from the basal to the adluminal compartment that occurs at stage VIII of the epithelial cycle. However, the molecule(s) and/or mechanism(s) that r...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Xia W,Mruk DD,Cheng CY

更新日期：2007-03-06 00:00:00

abstract：:The development of Drosophila organ discs can be arrested by culturing them in adult male flies. These aged discs lose some of their differentiation competence and form incomplete imaginal structures. The more advanced the aging, the greater the loss of competence. Discs made to differentiate prematurely show deficien...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Schweizer P,Bodenstein D

更新日期：1975-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Metagenomics is expanding our knowledge of the gene content, functional significance, and genetic variability in natural microbial communities. Still, there exists limited information concerning the regulation and dynamics of genes in the environment. We report here global analysis of expressed genes in a naturally oc...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Frias-Lopez J,Shi Y,Tyson GW,Coleman ML,Schuster SC,Chisholm SW,Delong EF

更新日期：2008-03-11 00:00:00

abstract：:RNase T2 enzymes are conserved in most eukaryotic genomes, and expression patterns and phylogenetic analyses suggest that they may carry out an important housekeeping role. However, the nature of this role has been elusive. Here we show that RNS2, an intracellular RNase T2 from Arabidopsis thaliana, is essential for n...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hillwig MS,Contento AL,Meyer A,Ebany D,Bassham DC,Macintosh GC

更新日期：2011-01-18 00:00:00

abstract：:Eukaryotic initiator proteins form origin recognition complexes (ORCs) that bind to replication origins during most of the cell cycle and direct assembly of prereplication complexes (pre-RCs) before the onset of S phase. In the eubacterium Escherichia coli, there is a temporally similar nucleoprotein complex comprisin...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Miller DT,Grimwade JE,Betteridge T,Rozgaja T,Torgue JJ,Leonard AC

更新日期：2009-11-03 00:00:00

abstract：:Expanded hexanucleotide repeats in the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) gene are the most common genetic cause of ALS and frontotemporal degeneration (FTD). Here, we identify nuclear RNA foci containing the hexanucleotide expansion (GGGGCC) in patient cells, including white blood cells, fibroblasts, glia, ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Lagier-Tourenne C,Baughn M,Rigo F,Sun S,Liu P,Li HR,Jiang J,Watt AT,Chun S,Katz M,Qiu J,Sun Y,Ling SC,Zhu Q,Polymenidou M,Drenner K,Artates JW,McAlonis-Downes M,Markmiller S,Hutt KR,Pizzo DP,Cady J,Harms MB,

更新日期：2013-11-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Urbanization and rural-urban migration are two factors driving global patterns of disease and mortality. There is significant concern about their potential impact on disease burden and the effectiveness of current control approaches. Few attempts have been made to increase our understanding of the relationship between...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Tian H,Hu S,Cazelles B,Chowell G,Gao L,Laine M,Li Y,Yang H,Li Y,Yang Q,Tong X,Huang R,Bjornstad ON,Xiao H,Stenseth NC

更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Information concerning the dynamics of river meandering is embedded in their planforms. Here, we focus on how bend skewing varies with increasing sinuosity, and how flow direction is embedded in bend skewing. It has often been thought that upstream-skewed bends are dominant within a sufficiently long reach. These bend...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Guo X,Chen D,Parker G

更新日期：2019-11-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Genomic mapping has been used to identify a region of the host genome that determines resistance to fusiform rust disease in loblolly pine where no discrete, simply inherited resistance factors had been previously found by conventional genetic analysis over four decades. A resistance locus, behaving as a single domina...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Wilcox PL,Amerson HV,Kuhlman EG,Liu BH,O'Malley DM,Sederoff RR

更新日期：1996-04-30 00:00:00

abstract：:Superoxide dismutases (SODs; superoxide: superoxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.15.1.1) play a key role in protection against oxygen radicals, and SOD gene expression is highly induced during environmental stress. To determine the conditions of SOD induction, the promoter of the cytosolic copper/zinc SOD (Cu/ZnSODcyt) gene w...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hérouart D,Van Montagu M,Inzé D

更新日期：1993-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T follicular helper (Tfh) and regulatory (Tfr) cells are terminally differentiated cells found in germinal centers (GCs), specialized secondary lymphoid organ structures dedicated to antibody production. As such, follicular T (Tfol) cells are supposed to be specific for immunizing antigens, which has been reported for...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ritvo PG,Saadawi A,Barennes P,Quiniou V,Chaara W,El Soufi K,Bonnet B,Six A,Shugay M,Mariotti-Ferrandiz E,Klatzmann D

更新日期：2018-09-18 00:00:00

abstract：:Molecular junctions are essentially modified electrodes familiar to electrochemists where the electrolyte is replaced by a conducting "contact." It is generally hypothesized that changing molecular structure will alter system energy levels leading to a change in the transport barrier. Here, we show the conductance of ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Sayed SY,Fereiro JA,Yan H,McCreery RL,Bergren AJ

更新日期：2012-07-17 00:00:00

abstract：:Temporal patterning of biological variables, in the form of oscillations and rhythms on many time scales, is ubiquitous. Altering the temporal pattern of an input variable greatly affects the output of many biological processes. We develop here a conceptual framework for a quantitative understanding of such pattern de...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Brezina V,Orekhova IV,Weiss KR

更新日期：1997-09-16 00:00:00

abstract：:The neuropeptide oxytocin has been implicated in the mediation of several forms of affiliative behavior including parental care, grooming, and sex behavior. Here we demonstrate that species from the genus Microtus (voles) selected for differences in social affiliation show contrasting patterns of oxytocin receptor exp...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Insel TR,Shapiro LE

更新日期：1992-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Humans speak, monkeys grunt, and ducks quack. How do we come to know which vocalizations animals produce? Here we explore this question by asking whether young infants expect humans, but not other animals, to produce speech, and further, whether infants have similarly restricted expectations about the sources of vocal...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Vouloumanos A,Druhen MJ,Hauser MD,Huizink AT

更新日期：2009-11-03 00:00:00

abstract：:MicroRNAs are predicted to regulate approximately 30% of all human genes by targeting sequences in their 3' UTR. Polymorphisms in 3' UTR of several genes have been reported to affect gene expression, but the mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that 829C-->T, a naturally occurring SNP, near the miR-...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Mishra PJ,Humeniuk R,Mishra PJ,Longo-Sorbello GS,Banerjee D,Bertino JR

更新日期：2007-08-14 00:00:00

abstract：:In everyday life, a macroscopic valve is a device with a movable control element that regulates the flow of gases or liquids by blocking and opening passageways. Construction of such a device on the nanoscale level requires (i) suitably proportioned movable control elements, (ii) a method for operating them on demand,...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Nguyen TD,Tseng HR,Celestre PC,Flood AH,Liu Y,Stoddart JF,Zink JI

更新日期：2005-07-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Surface Ig (sIg) of follicular lymphoma (FL) is vital for tumor cell survival. We found previously that the Ig in FL is unusual, because the variable region genes carry sequence motifs for N-glycan addition. These are introduced by somatic mutation and are tumor specific. Unexpectedly, added glycans terminate at high ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Coelho V,Krysov S,Ghaemmaghami AM,Emara M,Potter KN,Johnson P,Packham G,Martinez-Pomares L,Stevenson FK

更新日期：2010-10-26 00:00:00

abstract：:Endothelial cells (ECs) line the mammalian vascular system and respond to the hemodynamic stimulus of fluid shear stress, the frictional force produced by blood flow. When ECs are exposed to shear stress, one of the fastest responses is an increase of K(+) conductance, which suggests that ion channels are involved in ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hoger JH,Ilyin VI,Forsyth S,Hoger A

更新日期：2002-05-28 00:00:00

abstract：:Transplantation of pancreatic islets for treating type 1 diabetes is restricted to patients with critical metabolic lability resulting from the need for immunosuppression and the shortage of donor organs. To overcome these barriers, we developed a strategy to macroencapsulate islets from different sources that allow t...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ludwig B,Ludwig S,Steffen A,Knauf Y,Zimerman B,Heinke S,Lehmann S,Schubert U,Schmid J,Bleyer M,Schönmann U,Colton CK,Bonifacio E,Solimena M,Reichel A,Schally AV,Rotem A,Barkai U,Grinberg-Rashi H,Kaup FJ,Avni Y,J

更新日期：2017-10-31 00:00:00

abstract：:A critical step in neuronal development is the formation of axon/dendrite polarity, a process involving symmetry breaking in the newborn neuron. Local self-amplifying processes could enhance and stabilize the initial asymmetry in the distribution of axon/dendrite determinants, but the identity of these processes remai...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Cheng PL,Song AH,Wong YH,Wang S,Zhang X,Poo MM

更新日期：2011-11-08 00:00:00