Abstract:
:Groundwater drawn daily from shallow alluvial sands by millions of wells over large areas of south and southeast Asia exposes an estimated population of over a hundred million people to toxic levels of arsenic. Holocene aquifers are the source of widespread arsenic poisoning across the region. In contrast, Pleistocene sands deposited in this region more than 12,000 years ago mostly do not host groundwater with high levels of arsenic. Pleistocene aquifers are increasingly used as a safe source of drinking water and it is therefore important to understand under what conditions low levels of arsenic can be maintained. Here we reconstruct the initial phase of contamination of a Pleistocene aquifer near Hanoi, Vietnam. We demonstrate that changes in groundwater flow conditions and the redox state of the aquifer sands induced by groundwater pumping caused the lateral intrusion of arsenic contamination more than 120 metres from a Holocene aquifer into a previously uncontaminated Pleistocene aquifer. We also find that arsenic adsorbs onto the aquifer sands and that there is a 16-20-fold retardation in the extent of the contamination relative to the reconstructed lateral movement of groundwater over the same period. Our findings suggest that arsenic contamination of Pleistocene aquifers in south and southeast Asia as a consequence of increasing levels of groundwater pumping may have been delayed by the retardation of arsenic transport.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
van Geen A,Bostick BC,Pham TK,Vi ML,Nguyen-Ngoc M,Phu DM,Pham HV,Radloff K,Aziz Z,Mey JL,Stahl MO,Harvey CF,Oates P,Weinman B,Stengel C,Frei F,Kipfer R,Berg Mdoi
10.1038/nature12444subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-09-12 00:00:00pages
204-7issue
7466eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
nature12444journal_volume
501pub_type
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