Progressive degeneration of human neural stem cells caused by pathogenic LRRK2.

abstract：:Deviations from the universal genetic code have been reported for several microorganisms. Termination codons are used for coding some amino acids in Paramecium, Mycoplasma or Tetrahymena, and in Escherichia coli, the UGA termination codon is used to code for selenocysteine. In mitochondria, the changes of sense codons...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Kawaguchi Y,Honda H,Taniguchi-Morimura J,Iwasaki S

更新日期：1989-09-14 00:00:00

abstract：:At one time the synthetic chemist's last resort, reactions catalysed by transition metals are now the preferred method for synthesizing many types of organic molecule. A recent success in this type of catalysis is the discovery of reactions that form bonds between carbon and heteroatoms (such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulp...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Hartwig JF

更新日期：2008-09-18 00:00:00

abstract：:Endothelial cells line the inner surface of blood vessels and act as the main barrier to the passage of cells and large molecules from the blood stream to the tissues. Recent interest in the part played by the endothelium in regulating vascular tone has focused on the synthesis and secretion of prostacyclin and an end...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Lansman JB,Hallam TJ,Rink TJ

更新日期：1987-02-26 00:00:00

abstract：:Languages, like genes, provide vital clues about human history. The origin of the Indo-European language family is "the most intensively studied, yet still most recalcitrant, problem of historical linguistics". Numerous genetic studies of Indo-European origins have also produced inconclusive results. Here we analyse l...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Gray RD,Atkinson QD

更新日期：2003-11-27 00:00:00

abstract：:Most sensory information destined for the neocortex is relayed through the thalamus, where considerable transformation occurs1,2. One means of transformation involves interactions between excitatory thalamocortical neurons that carry data to the cortex and inhibitory neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) tha...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Martinez-Garcia RI,Voelcker B,Zaltsman JB,Patrick SL,Stevens TR,Connors BW,Cruikshank SJ

更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Guard cells are located in the epidermis of plant leaves, and in pairs surround stomatal pores. These control both the influx of CO2 as a raw material for photosynthesis and water loss from plants through transpiration to the atmosphere. Guard cells have become a highly developed system for dissecting early signal tra...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Schroeder JI,Kwak JM,Allen GJ

更新日期：2001-03-15 00:00:00

abstract：:It has long been contentious whether the large representation of the fovea in the primate visual cortex (V1) indicates a selective magnification of this part of the retina, or whether it merely reflects the density of retinal ganglion cells. The measurement of the retinal ganglion-cell density is complicated by latera...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Wässle H,Grünert U,Röhrenbeck J,Boycott BB

更新日期：1989-10-19 00:00:00

abstract：:In the response of T cells to foreign antigens, the ligand for the T cell alpha/beta receptor is presented on a cell surface as a fragment of antigen complexed to one of the membrane molecules encoded in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The receptor apparently interacts via its variable elements (V beta, D ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Marrack P,Kappler J

更新日期：1988-04-28 00:00:00

abstract：:Midbrain dopamine neurons are activated by reward or sensory stimuli predicting reward. These excitatory responses increase as the reward value increases. This response property has led to a hypothesis that dopamine neurons encode value-related signals and are inhibited by aversive events. Here we show that this is tr...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Matsumoto M,Hikosaka O

更新日期：2009-06-11 00:00:00

abstract：:The ability to grow properly sized and good quality crystals is one of the cornerstones of single-crystal diffraction, is advantageous in many industrial-scale chemical processes1-3, and is important for obtaining institutional approvals of new drugs for which high-quality crystallographic data are required4-7. Typica...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Sun JK,Sobolev YI,Zhang W,Zhuang Q,Grzybowski BA

更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Methane is a potent greenhouse gas that is produced in significant quantities by aerobic marine organisms. These bacteria apparently catalyse the formation of methane through the cleavage of the highly unreactive carbon-phosphorus bond in methyl phosphonate (MPn), but the biological or terrestrial source of this compo...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Kamat SS,Williams HJ,Dangott LJ,Chakrabarti M,Raushel FM

更新日期：2013-05-02 00:00:00

abstract：:In the Northern Hemisphere, ozone levels in the troposphere have increased by 35 per cent over the past century, with detrimental impacts on forest and agricultural productivity, even when forest productivity has been stimulated by increased carbon dioxide levels. In addition to reducing productivity, increased tropos...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Loya WM,Pregitzer KS,Karberg NJ,King JS,Giardina CP

更新日期：2003-10-16 00:00:00

abstract：:Insulin binding to its receptor leads to negatively cooperative interactions among the receptor sites. Studies with 29 insulin analogues (animal insulins and proinsulin, insulin-like growth factor and chemically modified insulins) which vary 1,000-fold in their affinity for the receptor and in their biological potency...

journal_title：Nature

authors： De Meyts P,Van Obberghen E,Roth J

更新日期：1978-06-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The specification of both the germ line and abdomen in Drosophila depends on the localization of oskar messenger RNA to the posterior of the oocyte. This localization requires several trans-acting factors, including Barentsz and the Mago-Y14 heterodimer, which assemble with oskar mRNA into ribonucleoprotein particles ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Palacios IM,Gatfield D,St Johnston D,Izaurralde E

更新日期：2004-02-19 00:00:00

abstract：:In the present-day climate, surface water salinities are low in the western tropical Pacific Ocean and increase towards the eastern part of the basin. The salinity of surface waters in the tropical Pacific Ocean is thought to be controlled by a combination of atmospheric convection, precipitation, evaporation and ocea...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Stott L,Cannariato K,Thunell R,Haug GH,Koutavas A,Lund S

更新日期：2004-09-02 00:00:00

abstract：:Representations of sensory stimuli in the cerebral cortex can undergo progressive remodelling according to the behavioural importance of the stimuli. The cortex receives widespread projections from dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which are activated by new stimuli or unpredicted rewards, and are ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Bao S,Chan VT,Merzenich MM

更新日期：2001-07-05 00:00:00

abstract：:Understanding ice sheet behaviour in the geological past is essential for evaluating the role of the cryosphere in the climate system and for projecting rates and magnitudes of sea level rise in future warming scenarios1-4. Although both geological data5-7 and ice sheet models3,8 indicate that marine-based sectors of ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Wilson DJ,Bertram RA,Needham EF,van de Flierdt T,Welsh KJ,McKay RM,Mazumder A,Riesselman CR,Jimenez-Espejo FJ,Escutia C

更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptors (NMDARs) are a principal subtype of excitatory ligand-gated ion channel with prominent roles in physiological and disease processes in the central nervous system. Recognition that glycine potentiates NMDAR-mediated currents as well as being a requisite co-agonist of the NMDAR subt...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Nong Y,Huang YQ,Ju W,Kalia LV,Ahmadian G,Wang YT,Salter MW

更新日期：2003-03-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Researchers recognize that society needs accurate and comprehensive estimates of the economic value of rain forests to assess conservation and management options. Valuation of forests can help us to decide whether to implement policies that reconcile the value different groups attach to forests. Here we have measured ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Godoy R,Wilkie D,Overman H,Cubas A,Cubas G,Demmer J,McSweeney K,Brokaw N

更新日期：2000-07-06 00:00:00

abstract：:X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy's disease) is an adult-onset form of motorneuron disease which may be associated with signs of androgen insensitivity. We have now investigated whether the androgen receptor gene on the proximal long arm of the X chromosome is a candidate gene for this disease. In p...

journal_title：Nature

authors： La Spada AR,Wilson EM,Lubahn DB,Harding AE,Fischbeck KH

更新日期：1991-07-04 00:00:00

abstract：:Spontaneous symmetry breaking plays a key role in our understanding of nature. In relativistic quantum field theory, a broken continuous symmetry leads to the emergence of two types of fundamental excitation: massless Nambu-Goldstone modes and a massive 'Higgs' amplitude mode. An excitation of Higgs type is of crucial...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Endres M,Fukuhara T,Pekker D,Cheneau M,Schauss P,Gross C,Demler E,Kuhr S,Bloch I

更新日期：2012-07-25 00:00:00

abstract：:The evolution of self-fertilization in hermaphrodites is opposed by costs that decrease the value of self progeny relative to that of outcross progeny. However, self-fertilization is common in plants; 20% are highly selfing and 33% are intermediate between selfing and outcrossing. Darwin proposed an adaptive benefit o...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Kalisz S,Vogler DW,Hanley KM

更新日期：2004-08-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Highly efficient neutron detectors are critical in many sectors, including national security1,2, medicine3, crystallography4 and astronomy5. The main neutron detection technologies currently used involve 3He-gas-filled proportional counters6 and light scintillators7 for thermalized neutrons. Semiconductors could provi...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Chica DG,He Y,McCall KM,Chung DY,Pak RO,Trimarchi G,Liu Z,De Lurgio PM,Wessels BW,Kanatzidis MG

更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Helium is used as a critical tracer throughout the Earth sciences, where its relatively simple isotopic systematics is used to trace degassing from the mantle, to date groundwater and to time the rise of continents. The hydrothermal system at Yellowstone National Park is famous for its high helium-3/helium-4 isotope r...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Lowenstern JB,Evans WC,Bergfeld D,Hunt AG

更新日期：2014-02-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Sensory transduction in taste and olfaction, the principal chemical senses, seems to be mediated by membrane-associated proteins on the apical surfaces of the respective receptor cells. The recent isolation and characterization of soluble 'odorant-binding proteins' secreted from the nasal glands of rat, cow and frog, ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Schmale H,Holtgreve-Grez H,Christiansen H

更新日期：1990-01-25 00:00:00

abstract：:The cyc- variants of S49 lymphoma cells have served as powerful tools for studying the components and mechanisms of hormone-induced adenylate cyclase stimulation, as these cells are deficient in the guanine nucleotide regulatory site (Ns) mediating hormone, guanine nucleotide, cholera toxin and fluoride-induced stimul...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Jakobs KH,Aktories K,Schultz G

更新日期：1983-05-12 00:00:00

abstract：:Theoretical and empirical research highlights the role of punishment in promoting collaborative efforts. However, both the emergence and the stability of costly punishment are problematic issues. It is not clear how punishers can invade a society of defectors by social learning or natural selection, or how second-orde...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Sigmund K,De Silva H,Traulsen A,Hauert C

更新日期：2010-08-12 00:00:00

abstract：:Quantum information science involves the storage, manipulation and communication of information encoded in quantum systems, where the phenomena of superposition and entanglement can provide enhancements over what is possible classically. Large-scale quantum information processors require stable and addressable quantum...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Moehring DL,Maunz P,Olmschenk S,Younge KC,Matsukevich DN,Duan LM,Monroe C

更新日期：2007-09-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Unicellular organisms such as yeasts require a single cyclin-dependent kinase, Cdk1, to drive cell division. In contrast, mammalian cells are thought to require the sequential activation of at least four different cyclin-dependent kinases, Cdk2, Cdk3, Cdk4 and Cdk6, to drive cells through interphase, as well as Cdk1 t...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Santamaría D,Barrière C,Cerqueira A,Hunt S,Tardy C,Newton K,Cáceres JF,Dubus P,Malumbres M,Barbacid M

更新日期：2007-08-16 00:00:00

abstract：:Elucidation of the nature of the gene interactions that underly the sterility of interspecific hybrids is important in evolutionary biology. The interactions between the heterospecific X and Y (or Z and W) chromosomes are often used as an explanation for two reasons. First, the fertility of the hybrids of the heteroga...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Johnson NA,Perez DE,Cabot EL,Hollocher H,Wu CI

更新日期：1992-08-27 00:00:00