Guard cell abscisic acid signalling and engineering drought hardiness in plants.

abstract：:Haemophilia B, or Christmas disease, is an inherited X-chromosome-linked bleeding disorder caused by a defect in clotting factor IX and occurs in about 1 in 30,000 males in the United Kingdom. Injection of factor IX concentrate obtained from blood donors allows most patients to be successfully managed. However, becaus...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Anson DS,Austen DE,Brownlee GG

更新日期：1985-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:During development, cells interpret complex and often conflicting signals to make optimal decisions. Plant stomata, the cellular interface between a plant and the atmosphere, develop according to positional cues, which include a family of secreted peptides called epidermal patterning factors (EPFs). How these signalli...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Lee JS,Hnilova M,Maes M,Lin YC,Putarjunan A,Han SK,Avila J,Torii KU

更新日期：2015-06-25 00:00:00

abstract：:gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system, is known to operate bicuculline-sensitive Cl- channels through GABAA receptors and bicuculline-insensitive cation channels through GABAB receptors. Recent observations indicate that the retina may contain GABA receptor...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Feigenspan A,Wässle H,Bormann J

更新日期：1993-01-14 00:00:00

abstract：:Gravitational lensing is a powerful tool for the study of the distribution of dark matter in the Universe. The cold-dark-matter model of the formation of large-scale structures (that is, clusters of galaxies and even larger assemblies) predicts the existence of quasars gravitationally lensed by concentrations of dark ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Inada N,Oguri M,Pindor B,Hennawi JF,Chiu K,Zheng W,Ichikawa S,Gregg MD,Becker RH,Suto Y,Strauss MA,Turner EL,Keeton CR,Annis J,Castander FJ,Eisenstein DJ,Frieman JA,Fukugita M,Gunn JE,Johnston DE,Kent SM,Nichol

更新日期：2003-12-18 00:00:00

abstract：:Sleep has been assumed to be necessary for development and to be a vital function in mammals and other animals. However, Lyamin et al. claim that in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and killer whales (Orcinus orca), neonates and their mothers show almost no sleep behaviour for the first month after birth; this...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Sekiguchi Y,Arai K,Kohshima S

更新日期：2006-06-22 00:00:00

abstract：:Granular superconductivity occurs when microscopic superconducting grains are separated by non-superconducting regions; Josephson tunnelling between the grains establishes the macroscopic superconducting state. Although crystals of the copper oxide high-transition-temperature (high-Tc) superconductors are not granular...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Lang KM,Madhavan V,Hoffman JE,Hudson EW,Eisaki H,Uchida S,Davis JC

更新日期：2002-01-24 00:00:00

abstract：:Interstellar dust plays a crucial role in the evolution of the Universe by assisting the formation of molecules, by triggering the formation of the first low-mass stars, and by absorbing stellar ultraviolet-optical light and subsequently re-emitting it at infrared/millimetre wavelengths. Dust is thought to be produced...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Maiolino R,Schneider R,Oliva E,Bianchi S,Ferrara A,Mannucci F,Pedani M,Sogorb MR

更新日期：2004-09-30 00:00:00

abstract：:Oral administration of antigen is used to induce antigen-specific peripheral immune tolerance. As well as preventing systemic immune responses to ingested proteins, oral tolerance to autoantigens has also been used to suppress autoimmune diseases in animals and humans. Both active suppression and clonal anergy are sug...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Chen Y,Inobe J,Marks R,Gonnella P,Kuchroo VK,Weiner HL

更新日期：1995-07-13 00:00:00

abstract：:The planet in the system HD209458 is the first one for which repeated transits across the stellar disk have been observed. Together with radial velocity measurements, this has led to a determination of the planet's radius and mass, confirming it to be a gas giant. But despite numerous searches for an atmospheric signa...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Vidal-Madjar A,Des Etangs AL,Désert JM,Ballester GE,Ferlet R,Hébrard G,Mayor M

更新日期：2003-03-13 00:00:00

abstract：:The role of adaptive immunity in early cancer development is controversial. Here we show that chronic inflammation and fibrosis in humans and mice with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is accompanied by accumulation of liver-resident immunoglobulin-A-producing (IgA+) cells. These cells also express programmed death l...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Shalapour S,Lin XJ,Bastian IN,Brain J,Burt AD,Aksenov AA,Vrbanac AF,Li W,Perkins A,Matsutani T,Zhong Z,Dhar D,Navas-Molina JA,Xu J,Loomba R,Downes M,Yu RT,Evans RM,Dorrestein PC,Knight R,Benner C,Anstee QM,Kar

更新日期：2017-11-16 00:00:00

abstract：:A serine/threonine kinase, named protein kinase B (PKB) for its sequence homology to both protein kinase A and C, has previously been isolated. PKB, which is identical to the kinase Rac, was later found to be the cellular homologue of the transforming v-Akt. Here we show that PKB is activated by stimuli such as insuli...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Burgering BM,Coffer PJ

更新日期：1995-08-17 00:00:00

abstract：:Cyclosporin A, a cyclic undecapeptide, is a potent immunosuppressant that binds to a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase of 165 amino acids, cyclophilin. The cyclosporin A/cyclophilin complex inhibits the calcium- and calmodulin-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin, resulting in a failure to activate genes encoding inte...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Thériault Y,Logan TM,Meadows R,Yu L,Olejniczak ET,Holzman TF,Simmer RL,Fesik SW

更新日期：1993-01-07 00:00:00

abstract：:For more than three-quarters of a century it has been assumed that basal metabolic rate increases as body mass raised to some power p. However, there is no broad consensus regarding the value of p: whereas many studies have asserted that p is 3/4 (refs 1-4; 'Kleiber's law'), some have argued that it is 2/3 (refs 5-7),...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Kolokotrones T,Van Savage,Deeds EJ,Fontana W

更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the prehistoric green Sahara of Holocene North Africa-in contrast to the Neolithic of Europe and Eurasia-a reliance on cattle, sheep and goats emerged as a stable and widespread way of life, long before the first evidence for domesticated plants or settled village farming communities. The remarkable rock art found ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Dunne J,Evershed RP,Salque M,Cramp L,Bruni S,Ryan K,Biagetti S,di Lernia S

更新日期：2012-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:In double-stranded-RNA (dsRNA) viruses found in animals, bacteria and yeast, the genome is transcribed within the structurally intact core of the virion with extraordinary efficiency. The structural organization of the genome and the enzymes involved in the transcription inside any of these viruses, critical for under...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Prasad BV,Rothnagel R,Zeng CQ,Jakana J,Lawton JA,Chiu W,Estes MK

更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Malignancy is a common and dreaded complication following organ transplantation. The high incidence of neoplasm and its aggressive progression, which are associated with immunosuppressive therapy, are thought to be due to the resulting impairment of the organ recipient's immune-surveillance system. Here we report a me...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Hojo M,Morimoto T,Maluccio M,Asano T,Morimoto K,Lagman M,Shimbo T,Suthanthiran M

更新日期：1999-02-11 00:00:00

abstract：:Information from the human genome sequence will eventually alter many aspects of clinical practice. It will increase through our understanding of disease mechanisms, and guide the development of new drugs and therapeutic procedures. In the short term, however, knowledge of the genome will have a profound clinical impa...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Bell J

更新日期：2004-05-27 00:00:00

abstract：:Spontaneous type 1 diabetes occurs when the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-islet cells prevents production of the hormone insulin. This causes an inability to regulate glucose metabolism, which results in dangerously raised blood glucose concentrations. It is generally accepted that thymus-derived lymphocyt...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Wilson DB

更新日期：2005-11-24 00:00:00

abstract：:In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the process of conjugation of haploid cells of genotype MATa and MAT alpha to form MATa/alpha diploids is triggered by pheromones produced by each mating type. These pheromones stimulate a cellular response by interaction with receptors linked to a heterotrimeric G protei...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Simon MN,De Virgilio C,Souza B,Pringle JR,Abo A,Reed SI

更新日期：1995-08-24 00:00:00

abstract：:The M13 coat protein spans the Escherichia coli plasma membrane with its amino-terminus facing the periplasm. It is made as a precursor--the procoat--with a typical leader peptide. Mutations which destroy the basic character of the carboxy-terminal domain of procoat, a domain which is oriented towards the cytoplasm, b...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Kuhn A,Wickner W,Kreil G

更新日期：1986-07-24 00:00:00

abstract：:The complement system is a key part of the innate immune system, and is required for clearance of pathogens from the bloodstream. After exposure to pathogens, the third component of the complement system, C3, is cleaved to C3b which, after recruitment of factor B, initiates formation of the alternative pathway convert...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Wiesmann C,Katschke KJ,Yin J,Helmy KY,Steffek M,Fairbrother WJ,McCallum SA,Embuscado L,DeForge L,Hass PE,van Lookeren Campagne M

更新日期：2006-11-09 00:00:00

abstract：:Mast cells are primary effectors in allergic reactions, and may have important roles in disease by secreting histamine and various inflammatory and immunomodulatory substances. Although they are classically activated by immunoglobulin (Ig)E antibodies, a unique property of mast cells is their antibody-independent resp...

journal_title：Nature

authors： McNeil BD,Pundir P,Meeker S,Han L,Undem BJ,Kulka M,Dong X

更新日期：2015-03-12 00:00:00

abstract：:Many small proteins seem to fold by a simple process explicable by conventional chemical kinetics and transition-state theory. This assumes an instant equilibrium between reactants and a high-energy activated state. In reality, equilibration occurs on timescales dependent on the molecules involved, below which such an...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Yang WY,Gruebele M

更新日期：2003-05-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Knowledge of the three-dimensional structures of proteins and other biological macromolecules often aids understanding of how they perform complicated tasks in the cell. Because many such tasks involve the cleavage or formation of chemical bonds, structural characterization at the atomic level is most useful. Developm...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Fernandez-Leiro R,Scheres SH

更新日期：2016-09-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The maternal messenger RNA An3 was originally identified localized to the animal hemisphere of Xenopus laevis oocytes, eggs and early embryos. Xenopus embryos depend on mRNA and protein present in the egg before fertilization (maternal molecules) to provide the information needed for early development. Localization of...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Gururajan R,Perry-O'Keefe H,Melton DA,Weeks DL

更新日期：1991-02-21 00:00:00

abstract：:An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Cai W,Ng B,Geng T,Wu L,Santoso A,McPhaden MJ

更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The enzyme cytochrome c nitrite reductase catalyses the six-electron reduction of nitrite to ammonia as one of the key steps in the biological nitrogen cycle, where it participates in the anaerobic energy metabolism of dissimilatory nitrate ammonification. Here we report on the crystal structure of this enzyme from th...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Einsle O,Messerschmidt A,Stach P,Bourenkov GP,Bartunik HD,Huber R,Kroneck PM

更新日期：1999-07-29 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA mismatch repair is critical for increasing replication fidelity in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. MutS protein, a member of the ABC ATPase superfamily, recognizes mispaired and unpaired bases in duplex DNA and initiates mismatch repair. Mutations in human MutS genes cause a predisposition to hereditary...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Obmolova G,Ban C,Hsieh P,Yang W

更新日期：2000-10-12 00:00:00

abstract：:There has been much interest in the biochemical and biophysical processes that couple extracellular signals to alterations in gene expression. While many early events associated with the treatment of cells with growth factors have been described (for example, ion flux and protein phosphorylation), it has proved diffic...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Morgan JI,Curran T

更新日期：1986-08-07 00:00:00

abstract：:Temperature is a key factor in controlling the distribution of marine organisms and is particularly important at hydrothermal vents, where steep thermal gradients are present over a scale of centimetres. The thermophilic worm Alvinella pompejana, which is found at the vents of the East Pacific Rise (2,500-m depth), ha...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Pradillon F,Shillito B,Young CM,Gaill F

更新日期：2001-10-18 00:00:00