Abstract:
:Protected areas are crucial for biodiversity conservation because they provide safe havens for species threatened by land-use change and resulting habitat loss. However, protected areas are only effective when they stop habitat loss within their boundaries, and are connected via corridors to other wild areas. The effectiveness of protected areas is threatened by development; however, the extent of this threat is unknown. We compiled spatially-detailed housing growth data from 1940 to 2030, and quantified growth for each wilderness area, national park, and national forest in the conterminous United States. Our findings show that housing development in the United States may severely limit the ability of protected areas to function as a modern "Noah's Ark." Between 1940 and 2000, 28 million housing units were built within 50 km of protected areas, and 940,000 were built within national forests. Housing growth rates during the 1990s within 1 km of protected areas (20% per decade) outpaced the national average (13%). If long-term trends continue, another 17 million housing units will be built within 50 km of protected areas by 2030 (1 million within 1 km), greatly diminishing their conservation value. US protected areas are increasingly isolated, housing development in their surroundings is decreasing their effective size, and national forests are even threatened by habitat loss within their administrative boundaries. Protected areas in the United States are thus threatened similarly to those in developing countries. However, housing growth poses the main threat to protected areas in the United States whereas deforestation is the main threat in developing countries.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Radeloff VC,Stewart SI,Hawbaker TJ,Gimmi U,Pidgeon AM,Flather CH,Hammer RB,Helmers DPdoi
10.1073/pnas.0911131107subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-01-12 00:00:00pages
940-5issue
2eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490pii
0911131107journal_volume
107pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Herpesviruses require a nuclear egress complex (NEC) for efficient transit of nucleocapsids from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The NEC orchestrates multiple steps during herpesvirus nuclear egress, including disruption of nuclear lamina and particle budding through the inner nuclear membrane. In the important human pa...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1511140112
更新日期:2015-07-21 00:00:00
abstract::L203 and L227 are mouse monoclonal antibodies specific for human HLA-DR antigens. Their reactivity with multiple, structurally different, HLA-DR antigens was examined by using radioiodinated human lymphoblastoid cells and cell lines, heterozygous or homozygous at the HLA-D locus. Antibody L203 precipitates DR antigens...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.79.8.2658
更新日期:1982-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In signal-recognition particle (SRP)-dependent protein targeting to the bacterial plasma membrane, two GTPases, Ffh (a subunit of the bacterial SRP) and FtsY (the bacterial SRP receptor), act as GTPase activating proteins for one another. The molecular mechanism of this reciprocal GTPase activation is poorly understoo...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0737693100
更新日期:2003-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::The detection, stabilization, and repair of stress-induced damage are essential requirements for cellular life. All cells respond to osmotic stress-induced water loss with increased expression of genes that mediate accumulation of organic osmolytes, solutes that function as chemical chaperones and restore osmotic home...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0602987103
更新日期:2006-08-08 00:00:00
abstract::Although adaptor ADAP (FYB) and its binding to SLP-76 has been implicated in TcR-induced "inside-out" signaling for LFA-1 activation in T cells, little is known regarding its role in LFA-1-mediated "outside-in" signaling. In this study, we demonstrate that ADAP and SLP-76-ADAP binding are coupled to LFA-1 costimulatio...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0900510106
更新日期:2009-07-28 00:00:00
abstract::Apoptosis has been shown to be a significant form of cell loss in many diseases. Detachment of photoreceptors from the retinal pigment epithelium, as seen in various retinal disorders, causes photoreceptor loss and subsequent vision decline. Although caspase-dependent apoptotic pathways are activated after retinal det...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1009179107
更新日期:2010-12-14 00:00:00
abstract::Inactivation of the transcription factor p53 is central to carcinogenesis. Yet only approximately one-half of cancers have p53 loss-of-function mutations. Here, we demonstrate a mechanism for p53 inactivation by apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC), a protein induced in multiple cancer cells. The ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0710017104
更新日期:2007-12-26 00:00:00
abstract::Lipid droplets (LDs) are a conserved feature of most organisms. Vertebrate adipocytes have evolved to efficiently store and release lipids for the whole organism from a single droplet. Perilipin 1, the most abundant lipid-coat protein in adipocytes, plays a key role in regulating lipolysis. In other tissues such as li...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1318791111
更新日期:2014-06-24 00:00:00
abstract::Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that requires preexisiting epithelial injury to cause acute infections. We report that P. aeruginosa inhibits mammalian cytokinesis in a type III secretion system and exotoxin T (ExoT)-dependent manner. ExoT is a bifunctional type III secretion system effector protei...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0605949103
更新日期:2006-10-17 00:00:00
abstract::Determining the principal energy-transfer pathways responsible for allosteric communication in biomolecules remains challenging, partially due to the intrinsic complexity of the systems and the lack of effective characterization methods. In this work, we introduce the eigenvector centrality metric based on mutual info...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1810452115
更新日期:2018-12-26 00:00:00
abstract::Heme is a common factor linking several metabolic perturbations in Alzheimer's disease (AD), including iron metabolism, mitochondrial complex IV, heme oxygenase, and bilirubin. Therefore, we determined whether heme metabolism was altered in temporal lobes obtained at autopsy from AD patients and age-matched nondemente...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0404349101
更新日期:2004-07-27 00:00:00
abstract::CD4+ T cells recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-bound peptides that are primarily obtained from extracellular sources. Endogenously synthesized proteins that readily enter the MHC class I presentation pathway are generally excluded from the MHC class II presentation pathway. We show here that en...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.92.16.7217
更新日期:1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antibody modulation of T-cell coinhibitory (e.g., CTLA-4) or costimulatory (e.g., 4-1BB) receptors promotes clinical responses to a variety of cancers. Therapeutic cancer vaccination, in contrast, has produced limited clinical benefit and no curative therapies. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins of human papilloma virus (HPV)...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1514418112
更新日期:2015-09-22 00:00:00
abstract::We have studied the involvement of the 5' cap structure in the splicing of precursor mRNAs in a HeLa nuclear extract. We show that precursor mRNAs are spliced efficiently only when they possess a cap structure and that preincubation of a HeLa nuclear extract rendered the splicing reaction highly sensitive to inhibitio...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.82.22.7590
更新日期:1985-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::CDK7 is a cyclin-dependent kinase proposed to function in two essential cellular processes: transcription and cell cycle regulation. CDK7 is the kinase subunit of the general transcription factor TFIIH that phosphorylates the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II, and has been shown to be broadly required for t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.082618399
更新日期:2002-04-16 00:00:00
abstract::Social decisions require evaluation of costs and benefits to oneself and others. Long associated with emotion and vigilance, the amygdala has recently been implicated in both decision-making and social behavior. The amygdala signals reward and punishment, as well as facial expressions and the gaze of others. Amygdala ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1514761112
更新日期:2015-12-29 00:00:00
abstract::The remarkable capacity of the adult olfactory epithelium (OE) to regenerate fully both neurosensory and nonneuronal cell types after severe epithelial injury depends on life-long persistence of two stem cell populations: the horizontal basal cells (HBCs), which are quiescent and held in reserve, and mitotically activ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1701333114
更新日期:2017-07-11 00:00:00
abstract::We introduce a family of fast ordered upwind methods for approximating solutions to a wide class of static Hamilton-Jacobi equations with Dirichlet boundary conditions. Standard techniques often rely on iteration to converge to the solution of a discretized version of the partial differential equation. Our fast method...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.201222998
更新日期:2001-09-25 00:00:00
abstract::Ribbon synapses of photoreceptor cells and second-order bipolar neurons in the retina are specialized to transmit graded signals that encode light intensity. Neurotransmitter release at ribbon synapses exhibits two kinetically distinct components, which serve different sensory functions. The faster component is deplet...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1323962111
更新日期:2014-06-10 00:00:00
abstract::Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strains that have been passaged in vitro rapidly acquire mutations that impact viral growth. These laboratory-adapted strains of HCMV generally exhibit restricted tropism, produce high levels of cell-free virus, and develop susceptibility to natural killer cells. To permit experimentation ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1704809114
更新日期:2017-06-06 00:00:00
abstract::New neurons are generated in adult mammalians and may contribute to repairing the brain after injury. Here, we show that the number of new neurons in the dentate gyrus of adult rats increased in cerebral ischemic stroke and correlated with activation of the cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB). Inhibition of e...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0401063101
更新日期:2004-06-22 00:00:00
abstract::Flagellar microtubules from Chlamydomonas and sea urchin sperm were used as in vitro assembly sites for chick brain tubulin. Brain microtubules assembled onto the A-tubules, central tubules, and, to a limited extent, onto the distal ends of the axonemes at low tubulin concentrations and onto distal and proximal ends a...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.72.3.1122
更新日期:1975-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although current theories of color vision differ in many respects, they all assume the existence of a uniquely defined neutral point in chromaticity space. It generally is assumed that this point satisfies several criteria simultaneously. One of these criteria is that it is perceived as achromatic. A further criterion...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.192216699
更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) recently has been shown to give rise to genetic interference in Caenorhabditis elegans and also is likely to be the basis for phenotypic cosuppression in plants in certain instances. While constructing a plasmid vector for transfection of trypanosome cells, we serendipitously discovered tha...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.95.25.14687
更新日期:1998-12-08 00:00:00
abstract::Mass cytometry enables an unprecedented number of parameters to be measured in individual cells at a high throughput, but the large dimensionality of the resulting data severely limits approaches relying on manual "gating." Clustering cells based on phenotypic similarity comes at a loss of single-cell resolution and o...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1321405111
更新日期:2014-01-07 00:00:00
abstract::The U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle U1C protein has a zinc finger-like structure (C2H2 motif) at its N terminus, which is conserved from yeast to humans. Mutations of amino acid L13 within this domain rescue the essential function of the helicase protein Prp28p. Prp28p has been implicated in unwinding the ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0406319101
更新日期:2004-10-12 00:00:00
abstract::The temporal dynamics of electrical activity in an olfactory organ, the procerebral lobe of the terrestrial mollusc Limax maximus, is studied. The lobe exhibits intrinsic oscillations in its field potential. Intracellular recordings show that the lobe contains two classes of neurons, both with activity phase-locked to...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.91.2.669
更新日期:1994-01-18 00:00:00
abstract::To help reach the target of tuberculosis (TB) disease elimination by 2050, vaccine development needs to occur now. We estimated the impact and cost-effectiveness of potential TB vaccines in low- and middle-income countries using an age-structured transmission model. New vaccines were assumed to be available in 2024, t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1404386111
更新日期:2014-10-28 00:00:00
abstract::To study the permanency of response to selection for a quantitative character in finite populations and the nature of the genetic effects that contribute to this response, we have used the covariance between ancestors and descendents within populations. Effects and variances are defined for an initial equilibrium rand...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.85.5.1563
更新日期:1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ubiquitin E3 ligases are crucial for eliminating misfolded proteins before they form cytotoxic aggregates that threaten cell fitness and survival. However, it remains unclear how emerging misfolded proteins in the cytoplasm can be selectively recognized and eliminated by E3 ligases in plants. We found that Misfolded P...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1713574114
更新日期:2017-11-14 00:00:00