Abstract:
:TLR8 (Toll-like receptor 8) is activated by ssRNAs (single-stranded RNAs) and synthetic imidazoquinoline compounds that resemble purines and have immunostimulatory activity. TLR8 agonists are particularly effective at inducing Th1-polarizing responses from human monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells, with the magnitude of response substantially exceeding that induced by agonists of other TLRs. Mechanisms underlying the remarkable efficacy of TLR8 agonists may include: (i) particularly robust activation of intracellular signalling cascades culminating in nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB), (ii) activation of BTK (Bruton's tyrosine kinase), and (iii) the ability of some imidazoquinolines to induce TLR-independent effects via antagonism of adenosine receptors. The strong agonist activities of TLR8 agonists also extend to human neonatal leucocytes, which usually display impaired Th1-polarizing responses to many diverse stimuli including agonists of other TLRs. Their strong Th1-polarizing properties render TLR8 agonists attractive targets of biopharmaceutical development as agents that may induce protective immune responses in diverse populations, including newborns.
journal_name
Biochem Soc Transjournal_title
Biochemical Society transactionsauthors
Philbin VJ,Levy Odoi
10.1042/BST0351485subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-12-01 00:00:00pages
1485-91issue
Pt 6eissn
0300-5127issn
1470-8752pii
BST0351485journal_volume
35pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The CPC (chromosomal passenger complex) performs essential roles in the regulation and co-ordination of chromosomal and cytoskeletal events during mitosis and meiosis. The first functional analyses showed evidence of a role of the CPC in the regulation of cytokinesis. In this review, I summarize what we have learned s...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1042/BST0360367
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The study of regulated exocytosis uniquely allows the direct measurement of intracellular membrane fusion events in real time. We have exploited this to examine factors that regulate not only the extent but also the dynamics of single fusion/release events. The general strategy used has been to assess exocytosis in tr...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1042/bst0290467
更新日期:2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Regulation of protein synthesis is an important aspect of growth control. RNA polymerase (pol) III plays a key role in this process by catalysing production of tRNA and 5 S rRNA. Growth factors trigger a rapid increase in pol III activity and this is essential for cell proliferation. The transcription factor TFIIIB pl...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1042/BST0320976
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is increasing appreciation among researchers and clinicians of the value of investigating biology and pathobiology at the level of cellular kinase (kinome) activity. Kinome analysis provides valuable opportunity to gain insights into complex biology (including disease pathology), identify biomarkers of critical ...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1042/BST20160163
更新日期:2017-02-08 00:00:00
abstract::Malaria during pregnancy is caused when parasite-infected erythrocytes accumulate within the placenta through interactions between the VAR2CSA protein on the infected erythrocyte surface and placental CSPGs (chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans). This interaction is the major target for therapeutics to treat or prevent p...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1042/BST0381337
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Crystal structure data for Escherichia coli beta-ketoacyl synthase (KAS) I with C(10) and C(12) fatty acid substrates bound in conjunction with results from mutagenizing residues in the active site leads to a model for catalysis. Differences from and similarities to the other Claisen enzymes carrying out decarboxylati...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1042/0300-5127:0280601
更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters play crucial roles in cellular processes, such as nutrient uptake, drug resistance, cell-volume regulation and others. Despite their importance, all proposed molecular models for transport are based on indirect evidence, i.e. functional interpretation of static crystal structure...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1042/BST20150140
更新日期:2015-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1042/bst0290418
更新日期:2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::To investigate the roles of the PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10)/PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) signalling pathway in vivo, we have generated a series of mutant mice with null or tissue-specific gene-targeted deletions of Pten. Here we present our investigations of Pten function in ...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1042/bst0320362
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many microalgae are known to accumulate triacylglycerols (TAGs), especially under nitrate starvation. Generally, these TAGs are predominantly constructed of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. In contrast, the TAGs of the red microalga Porphyridium cruentum are rich in arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4 omega6) and eic...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Phosphorus is one of the most important macronutrients and is indispensable for all organisms as a critical structural component as well as participating in intracellular signalling and energy metabolism. Sensing and signalling of phosphate (Pi) has been extensively studied and is well understood in single-cellular or...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1042/BST20160026
更新日期:2016-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::From a protein structural viewpoint, tryptophan is often considered an inert structural amino acid, playing a role as a hydrophobic anchor in membrane proteins or as part of the hydrophobic core of soluble proteins. However, tryptophan is the only polyaromatic amino acid and, from a chemical viewpoint, possesses uniqu...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1042/BST20120073
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The calcium-sensing receptor is a multimodal, multimetabolic sensor that mediates the feedback-dependent control of whole body calcium metabolism. Remarkably, in addition to its role in Ca(2+)(o) (extracellular Ca(2+)) sensing, the CaR (Ca(2+)-sensing receptor) also responds to L-amino acids. L-amino acids appear to a...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1042/BST0351195
更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Site-specific recombinases are enzymes that promote precise rearrangements of DNA sequences. They do this by cutting and rejoining the DNA strands at specific positions within a pair of target sites recognized and bound by the recombinase. One group of these enzymes, the serine recombinases, initiates strand exchange ...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1042/BST0390617
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::AWAP IV constitutes the C-terminal domain of the larger 81 kDa protein AWAK [Avian WAP (whey acidic protein) domain- and Kunitz domain-containing], which is predicted, through conserved domain database searching, to contain at least four WAP domains and one Kunitz domain. RT (reverse transcription)-PCR analyses reveal...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1042/BST20060267
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The human prostate expresses very high concentrations of annexins 1, 4, and 5 and secretes high concentrations of annexins 1 and 5. Although the biological roles of these proteins in prostate secretions are not known, these studies emphasize the need to consider extracellular sites for physiological functions of annex...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1042/bst0181104
更新日期:1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::UBDs [Ub (ubiquitin)-binding domains], which are typically small protein motifs of <50 residues, are used by receptor proteins to transduce post-translational Ub modifications in a wide range of biological processes, including NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) signalling and proteasomal degradation pathways. More than 20 fami...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1042/BST20110729
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The UPR (unfolded protein response) or ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress response was first described 20 years ago. The field of ER stress has expanded tremendously since, moving from basic biology in yeast to human neurodegenerative, inflammatory, cardiovascular and neoplastic diseases. The ER stress response has als...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1042/BST0360909
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::A flavorubredoxin and its associated oxidoreductase (encoded by norV and norW respectively) detoxify NO (nitric oxide) to form N2O (nitrous oxide) under anaerobic conditions in Escherichia coli. Transcription of the norVW genes is activated in response to NO by the σ54-dependent regulator and dedicated NO sensor, NorR...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1042/BST0390289
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Single-molecule fluorescence methods, particularly single-molecule FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer), have provided novel insights into the structure, interactions and dynamics of biological systems. ALEX (alternating-laser excitation) spectroscopy is a new method that extends single-molecule FRET by provi...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1042/BST0360738
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since the discovery of the essential role of the β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) for the membrane insertion of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) that are unrelated in sequence, members of this universally conserved family dominate discussions on OMP assembly in bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts. However, several ...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1042/BST20160003
更新日期:2016-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::Intracellular cross-talk or synergism between receptors coupled negatively to adenylate cyclase via PTX-sensitive Gi-protein(s) and receptors coupled to phospholipase C via PTX-insensitive G-proteins is prevalent in a variety of cell types (see above) and may represent a universal mechanism for the modulation of phosp...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1042/bst0211124
更新日期:1993-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::DNA damage is one of the most acute threats to cellular homeostasis and life. The cell responds to such damage by activating a vast array of responses, ranging from DNA repair to numerous signalling pathways, which temporarily slow down the cellular life cycle while the damage is being repaired. Sophisticated relays c...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1042/0300-5127:0290661
更新日期:2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Golgi complex (GC) has an essential role in the processing and sorting of proteins and lipids. The GC of mammalian cells is composed of stacks of cisternae connected by membranous tubules to create a continuous network, the Golgi ribbon, whose maintenance requires several core and accessory proteins. Despite this ...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1042/BST20190646
更新日期:2020-02-28 00:00:00
abstract::The cell-cycle-co-ordinated initiation of chromosomal replication is highly regulated. The ordered assembly and conformational change of specific proteins at the replication origin are crucial to the process of replication initiation. In Escherichia coli, ATP-DnaA molecules form multimeric complexes with the chromosom...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1042/BST0360078
更新日期:2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A limited number of bacteria, yeast and fungi can convert hemicellulose or its monomers (xylose, arabinose, mannose and galactose) into ethanol with a satisfactory yield and productivity. In the present study we tested a number of thermophilic enrichment cultures, and new isolates of thermophilic anaerobic bacterial s...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1042/bst0320283
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::RDCs (residual dipolar couplings) in NMR spectroscopy provide information about protein dynamics complementary to NMR relaxation methods, especially in the previously inaccessible time window between the protein correlation time tau(c) and 50 micros. For ubiquitin, new modes of motion of the protein backbone could be ...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1042/BST0361433
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The fission yeast septation initiation network, or SIN, is a signal transduction network that is required for septum formation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Its activity is tightly regulated through the cell cycle, to ensure proper co-ordination of mitosis and cytokinesis. SIN signalling requires three protein kinases...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1042/BST0360411
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::ESR1 is frequently silenced by CGI (CpG island) methylation, both in human colorectal tumours and, in an age-dependent manner, in healthy mucosa. It is not clear, however, whether methylation of individual cytosines occurs randomly within the epithelial genome, or preferentially within individual cells as an 'all-or-n...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1042/BST0330709
更新日期:2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In interphase plant cells, the actin cytoskeleton is essential for intracellular transport and organization. To fully understand how the actin cytoskeleton functions as the structural basis for cytoplasmic organization, both molecular and physical aspects of the actin organization have to be considered. In the present...
journal_title:Biochemical Society transactions
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1042/BST0380823
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00