Abstract:
:The present study investigated the expert-novice difference in the organization of upper-limb movement for the key-depression on the piano. Kinematic and electromyographic recordings were made while experts (N = 7) and novices (N = 7) of classical-piano players performed a right hand octave keystroke to produce four different sound dynamics. The joint torque generated at the key-bottom moment (key-force torque) was also estimated. At all sound dynamics, the experts showed a larger finger attack angle, more flexed shoulder, wrist, and MP joints, more extended elbow joint, and smaller key-force torque at the MP joint than the novices. The level of co-activation in the finger flexor-extensor muscles during the period prior to the key-bottom moment was also lower for the experts. To attain the large attack angle by the experts, as the fingertip depressed the key to the bottom, their shoulder was actively flexed, the forearm was thrust forward, and the hand was rotated forward. The novices, on the other hand, actively extended their shoulder to move the forearm and hand downward to depress the key. These results confirmed a substantial difference in the key-depression movement organization between the experts and novices. These findings also suggest that experts use a synergistically organized multi-joint limb motion that allows them to minimize the biomechanical load and muscular effort to the distal muscles. The novices, on the other hand, tend to rely on a rudimentary synergy of joint motion developed through daily experience.
journal_name
Exp Brain Resjournal_title
Experimental brain researchauthors
Furuya S,Kinoshita Hdoi
10.1007/s00221-007-1184-9subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-03-01 00:00:00pages
581-93issue
4eissn
0014-4819issn
1432-1106journal_volume
185pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Motor imagery (MI - i.e., the mental representation of an action without physically executing it) stimulates brain motor networks and promotes motor learning after spinal cord injury (SCI). An interesting issue is whether the brain networks controlling MI are being reorganized with reference to spared motor functions....
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00221-014-4114-7
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of the alpha2 adrenergic agonist, clonidine, on the near complete cerebral ischemia (NCFI) evoked release of glutamate and aspartate from normo- and hyperglycemic rodent brain tissue using microdialysis tissue techniques. Hemodynamic variables, blood lactate,...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00221-005-0064-4
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In a recent study (Whitwell et al. in Exp Brain Res 185:111-119, 2008), we showed that the visuomotor system is "cognitively impenetrable" to the extent that explicit predictive knowledge of the availability of visual feedback on an upcoming trial fails to optimize grasping. The results suggested that the effects of t...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00221-009-1737-1
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent animal studies have found neuronal expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the developmental expression profiles of MHC class I in human CNS remain unclear. Here, we systemically evaluate the expression and subcellular localization of MHC class ...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00221-015-4345-2
更新日期:2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the context of an analysis concerning factors of importance for the relative contributions of recruitment and rate gradation of muscle force, the distribution of electrical excitability was analyzed for medial gastrocnemius (MG) motoneurones of rat and cat. The experimental data came from previously collected intra...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00232439
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A afferent fibers have been reported to participate in the development of the central sensitization induced by inflammation and injuries. Current evidence suggests that myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) induce central sensitization in the related spinal dorsal horn, and clinical studies indicate that A fibers are asso...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00221-015-4382-x
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Previous experiments have suggested that the analysis of visual images could be a gravity-dependent process. We investigated this hypothesis using a mental rotation paradigm with pictures of three-dimensional objects during a 26-day orbital flight aboard the Soviet MIR station. The analysis of cosmonauts' response tim...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00230478
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::An object held in precision grip creates predictable load forces on the hand during voluntary hand movement and these are associated with anticipatory modulation of grip force. Conflicting results have been obtained over whether predictable external load perturbations result in anticipatory grip force responses (e.g. ...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00221-006-0537-0
更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 11 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), the brain stem was systematically explored with electrical brain stimulation for sites affecting the acoustic structure of ongoing vocalization. Vocalization was elicited by electrical stimulation of different brain structures. A severe deterioration of the acoustical structu...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00229880
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::An experiment was performed to characterise the movement kinematics and the electromyogram (EMG) during rhythmic voluntary flexion and extension of the wrist against different compliant (elastic-viscous-inertial) loads. Three levels of each type of load, and an unloaded condition, were employed. The movements were pac...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00221-001-0946-z
更新日期:2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The relationship between phantom limb phenomena and cortical reorganization was examined in five subjects with congenital absence of an upper limb and nine traumatic amputees. Neuromagnetic source imaging revealed minimal reorganization of primary somatosensory cortex in the congenital amputees (M=0.69 cm, SD 0.24) an...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s002210050334
更新日期:1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::We examined the characteristics of postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) produced in antidromically-identified medical gastrocnemius (MG) alpha-motoneurons by electrical stimulation of low threshold (less than 3 x T) distal limb cutaneous afferents in the sural (SUR) nerve in adult cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose, to...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00235772
更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of repetitive transcranial stimulation (rTMS) on brain activity remain unknown. In healthy subjects, we studied the effects of rTMS on the duration of the cortical silent period (SP). Repetitive stimuli were delivered with a Cadwell High Speed Magnetic Stimulator and a figure-of-eight coil placed over the ...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s002210050661
更新日期:1999-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A previous computer simulation study of overarm throws in 2D showed that reversal of elbow torque by antagonist muscle action late in the throw led to increased wrist flexion velocity and to increased ball speeds. We tested the hypothesis that the skill of making fast overarm throws in 3D involves deceleration (brakin...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00221-005-2258-1
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three experiments examined interactions between posture control in upright stance and a concurrent location memory task. Healthy young participants stood upright and memorized the locations of dots presented on a computer screen. In the retrieval phase, they indicated whether arrows presented on the screen would pass ...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00221-011-2970-y
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reflexive attentional shift in response to another individual's gaze direction has been reported, but it remains unknown whether this process can occur subliminally. We investigated this issue using facial stimuli consisting of drawings (Experiment 1) and photographs (Experiment 2). The gaze direction was expressed by...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00221-007-1025-x
更新日期:2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Eye and head movements in the horizontal, frontal and sagittal planes were recorded in the rabbit with a newly developed technique using dual scleral search coils in a rotating magnetic field. The compensatory eye movements elicited by passive sinusoidal oscillation deteriorated for frequencies below 0.1 Hz in the hor...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00236282
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In natural environments depth-related information has to be extracted very fast from binocular disparity even if cues are presented shortly. However, few studies used efMRI to study depth perception. We therefore analyzed extension and localization of activation evoked by depth-by-disparity stimuli that were displayed...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00221-009-1844-z
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Visual feedback is essential when minimizing force fluctuations. Varying degrees of somatotopic organization have been shown in different regions of the brain for the upper and lower extremities, and visual feedback may be processed differently based on the body effector where feedback-based corrections are used. This...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00221-009-1966-3
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A variety of experimental studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of melatonin, based on its antioxidant activity. In a prospective randomized study, the effects of melatonin were investigated in experimental head trauma-induced oxidative stress in rabbits. The experimental study was performed on 30 rabb...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00221-005-2338-2
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. Unit spikes of burst neurons were extracellularly recorded in the pontomedullary reticular formation of the cat. These neurons were identified by their burst activity coincident with the quick inhibitory phase of the contralateral abducens nerve during vestibular nystagmus and their antidromic activation from the c...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00235558
更新日期:1978-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::The activity of voltage-gated K(+) channels (Kv) can be dynamically modulated by several events, including neurotransmitter stimulated biochemical cascades mediated by G protein-coupled receptors such as 5-HT2 receptors (5-HT2Rs). Activation of 5-HT2A/CR inhibits the Shaker-like K(+) channels Kv1.1 and Kv1.2, and this...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s00221-013-3555-8
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study examined whether brain responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) would be amenable to classical conditioning. Motor cortex in human participants was stimulated with TMS pulses, which elicited a peripheral motor response in the form of a motor evoked potential (MEP). The TMS pulses were paired wit...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00221-007-1052-7
更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The acute and subacute effects of intracerebroventricularly (ICV) administered nerve growth factor (NGF) or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on locomotor activity were evaluated in awake adult rats. Immediately after ICV injection through an implanted cannula, locomotor activity was measured by a computerized ...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/pl00005759
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The nature of spontaneous unitary activity of rat neocortex was investigated during slow wave sleep and urethane anaesthesia. Neurones in layer IV and V locations fired in a burst-pause pattern at a low burst repetition rate (0.5-4 per second) during both stage 3/4 sleep and urethane anaesthesia. Occasionally an alter...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00237474
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The contextual interference hypothesis proposes that when learning multiple skills, massing practice leads to better within-day acquisition, whereas random practice leads to better retention and transfer. In this experiment, we examined the effect of practice pattern on the learning, consolidation (retention), and tra...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00221-010-2311-6
更新日期:2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is evidence that men experience more sexual arousal than women but also that women in mid-luteal phase experience more sexual arousal than women outside this phase. Recently, a few functional brain imaging studies have tackled the issue of gender differences as pertaining to reactions to erotica. The question of...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00221-006-0429-3
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purposes of this pilot study were to create a model of focal cortical ischemia in Macaca fascicularis and to explore contributions of the reticulospinal system in recovery of reaching. Endothelin-1 was used to create a focal lesion in the shoulder/elbow representation of left primary motor cortex (M1) of two adult...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00221-015-4390-x
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hand muscle reflexes following muscle stretch and electrical nerve stimulation show a typical pattern consisting of short- and long-latency reflexes. The present investigation was designed to test reflexes following pure cutaneous stimulation. Air puffs were delivered to the palmar tip and the nail bed of the first, s...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00242189
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the cat it is known that the distribution and modulation of the so-called P2 responses are similar, irrespective of whether they are obtained with electrodes implanted in the different skin areas or in the various leg muscles. In man it is known that the specific stimulation of cutaneous afferents from different pa...
journal_title:Experimental brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00221-002-1366-4
更新日期:2003-04-01 00:00:00