Abstract：
:Risk assessment serves to ensure that dermal exposure to skin sensitizers does not result in the acquisition of allergic skin disease. Traditionally, the approach adopted was one of comparative analysis, involving benchmarking against other allergens of known potency. More recently, efforts have been made to embrace a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) approach. However, the accuracy of any risk assessment is reflected in the extent to which it meets the fundamental objective stated above. Thus, clinical experience is of key importance. There exists the possibility for the originators of risk assessments relating to chemicals that possess skin-sensitizing potential to work directly with the clinical community to proactively obtain this experience through specific surveillance programmes. This forms the focus of this review article. The current status of the QRA approach is considered initially. A recently published example of one such surveillance programme that was undertaken as a collaborative initiative between industry and the clinical community is then reviewed. Finally, a possible strategy for the future is presented, in which it is suggested that surveillance strategies might be deployed in certain situations as an adjunct to the initial risk assessment. It is hoped that such a framework might further improve the efficacy of future approaches to skin sensitization risk assessment.
journal_name
Contact Dermatitisjournal_title
Contact dermatitisauthors
Jowsey IRdoi
10.1111/j.1600-0536.2006.01082.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-06-01 00:00:00pages
305-10issue
6eissn
0105-1873issn
1600-0536pii
COD1082journal_volume
56pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:In some patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), delayed-type allergy to aeroallergens, such as house dust mite, can be demonstrated by patch testing. Positive patch tests can be expected only in patients with AD and, in them, only to aeroallergens to which type 1 reactions have also been demonstrated. In an as yet unkno...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1989.tb03197.x
更新日期：1989-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In an evaluation of the safety of new chemicals, of products containing them, or of novel formulations of existing chemicals which may come into contact with the skin, it is important to incorporate an assessment of specially susceptible sub-populations. Such a group is represented by those who are more likely to expe...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1993.tb03534.x
更新日期：1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Contact urticaria to potato was confirmed by skin testing in a 26-year-old male with atopic dermatitis, birch-pollen rhinoconjunctivitis and a history of immediate finger itching upon handling raw potato. The potato peel was non-reactive. The urticarial reactivity to potato could be transferred by the patient's serum ...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1983.tb04315.x
更新日期：1983-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This review summarizes published and unpublished data of our 15-year experience with sunscreen allergy and photoallergy. From 1981-1996, 402 patients with suspected clinical photosensitivity were patch and photopatch tested with the commercial sunscreens and facial cosmetics that they had used and with chemical UV abs...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1997.tb02439.x
更新日期：1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We report the results of patch tests with fragrance-mix as a part of the standard series carried out over the last 10 years (1989-1998) during routine testing of 6129 patients in our department. 5.9% of the total number of patients who were patch tested were positive to fragrance mix. The sex ratio was 2.3:1 with a fe...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1034/j.1600-0536.2000.043002107.x
更新日期：2000-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The use of permanent hair dyes exposes hairdressers to contact allergens such as p-phenylenediamine (PPD), and the preventive measures are insufficient. OBJECTIVES:To perform an in vivo test to study the protective effect of gloves commonly used by hairdressers. PATIENTS/MATERIALS/METHODS:Six gloves from S...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/cod.12320
更新日期：2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:230 patients with occupational dermatitis in the metallurgic industry were studied with standard patch test (GEIDC) and an oil series. An occupational and clinical questionnaire survey was carried out. Responses to paraphenylenediamine, chrome, cobalt in the standard series, and benzisothiazolone, triethanolamine, and...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1985.tb01081.x
更新日期：1985-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The development of topical drug products requires testing for skin toxicology reactions. A variety of patch test systems are available with which chemicals are applied to skin. The purpose of this study was to determine the skin absorption of paraphenylenediamine (PPDA) from a variety of such systems. [14C]-PPDA (1% p...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1987.tb02701.x
更新日期：1987-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In recent years, there has been a dramatic rise in our understanding of contact dermatitis. This paper is a review of our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in contact dermatitis and related phenomena, the investigation of these events and the emergence of significant new allergens during the last 5 years. ...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1987.tb01382.x
更新日期：1987-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tween 80 is an ethoxylated hydrophilic non-ionic surfactant, which is used for the preparation of oil-in-water emulsions in pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, and industrial detergents. Ethoxylated surfactants are polyethers and are thus easily oxidized by atmospheric oxygen to a variety of hydroperoxides, peroxides ...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00368.x
更新日期：1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although cinnamon is known to cause dermatitis in bakers and confectioners, it has only rarely been reported as causing trouble in food or cosmetics. A newly-formulated 'spicy' toothpaste containing cinnamon as a flavouring agent was the cause of oral symptoms in eight patients referred to clinics in Buckinghamshire a...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1975.tb05330.x
更新日期：1975-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fragrance substances represent a very diverse group of chemicals; a proportion of them are associated with the ability to cause allergic reactions in the skin. Efforts to find substitute materials are hindered by the need to undertake animal testing for determining both skin sensitization hazard and potency. One strat...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.00322.x
更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of our study was to investigate the risk and characteristics of self-reported skin diseases among hydrotherapists. We attempted to contact 400 adults who participated in 1 of 2 training courses. 248 were reached and 190 of them (76.6%) completed the questionnaires. The data were collected by means of a telepho...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00699.x
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We report a case of hypertrophic allergic contact dermatitis probably due to p-phenylenediamine (PPDA) in a 26-year-old female, which developed at the sites of application of a black hair dye to the skin. Histological examination revealed an eczematous process. The lesions subsided completely except for leukoderma tha...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1994.tb01958.x
更新日期：1994-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Allergic contact dermatitis caused by medical devices for diabetes patients has been increasingly described in the literature in the last few years. This article reviews the cases of allergic contact dermatitis caused by insulin pumps and glucose sensors reported since the 1970s, the culprit allergen(s), the results o...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/cod.13120
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The occurrence of occupational contact dermatitis among workers in a rubber factory from 1976 to 1980 was studied. Insurance compensation was paid to 50 workers with dermatitis. 21 of the cases were allergic and 27 toxic contact dermatitis, giving a contact dermatitis frequency of 5.6/1000 workers. Paraphenylenediamin...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1982.tb04259.x
更新日期：1982-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We report the results of scarified photopatch testing in 3 patients with photosensitivity to lomefloxacin, a new quinolone antibacterial agent introduced onto the Japanese market in April 1990. The patients developed pruritic eczematous lesions on sun-exposed areas 5 days to 3 weeks after they had started taking lomef...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1992.tb00860.x
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recognizing the growing need for international standardization of photopatch testing techniques, a standard procedure has been used by Scandinavian dermatological clinics since January 1980. The set-up includes a standardized patient examination scheme, including phototest evaluation of the patient's UVA- and UVB-sens...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1982.tb04174.x
更新日期：1982-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of the C11-OH substituent of the corticosteroid molecule in relation to contact allergy to corticosteroids. This group, which is essential for glucocorticoid activity, is not present in other steroid molecules, such as deoxycortisol, progestagens, testosterone, and estro...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1992.tb00286.x
更新日期：1992-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Numerous studies have focused attention on the influence of various biological and environmental factors on contact hypersensitivity. In order to evaluate the persistence and/or modification of allergic contact sensitivity to a number of common contact sensitizers, the same standardized patch tests were repeated on 17...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02222.x
更新日期：1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The former 'EU Nickel Directive' and, since 2009, the REACH Regulation (item 27 of Annex XVII) do not include all metallic objects. The nickel content of tools is not regulated by the REACH Regulation, even if they may come into in prolonged contact with the skin. Tools might be possible sources of nickel an...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/cod.12462
更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A human 4-h patch test has recently been developed for testing the irritation hazard potential of chemicals. The original method was developed for comparative irritation assessments relative to benchmark irritants using simple statistical tests. In this context, the method has been shown to be robust in intralaborator...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05706.x
更新日期：1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The low-molecular-weight phenols 2-methylol phenol (2-MP), 4-methylol phenol (4-MP), 2,4,6-trimethylol phenol (2,4,6-MP), 3-methylol phenol (3-MP), 2,4-dimethylol phenol (2,4-MP), and 2,6-dimethylol phenol (2,6-MP) are contact sensitizers in resins based on phenol and formaldehyde (P-F-R). Other chemically related low...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00044.x
更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A comparison was made between the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT), open epicutaneous test (OET) and chamber test (CT), and the allergens were neomycin sulphate and propylene glycol (PG). The sensitization rate for neomycin in petrolatum was 35% in GPMT, 25% in OET and 25% in CT. The corresponding figures for neomy...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1980.tb04960.x
更新日期：1980-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Effects of test techniques on neomycin patch test results have not been thoroughly investigated. This study focuses on effects of dose and application time of neomycin sulfate patch tests on test results. The effects are assessed both visually and by perfusion. 16 subjects positive to neomycin are retested with neomyc...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1034/j.1600-0536.2000.043005283.x
更新日期：2000-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A case of triphenyl phosphate allergy from spectacle frames is reported. Patch tests with analytical grade triphenyl phosphate, tri-m-cresyl phosphate, and tri-p-cresyl phosphate in the concentrations 5%, 0.5% and 0.05% pet. showed positive reactions to 0.05% triphenyl phosphate and 0.5% tri-m-cresyl phosphate, but no...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1986.tb01367.x
更新日期：1986-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Guinea pigs were sensitized to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) by the intracutaneous route and challenged epicutaneously on the flanks. The intensity of the allergic contact dermatitis was evaluated by inspection and palpation as well as by wet weight determination. With the purpose of diminishing tissue neuropeptides, an...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1991.tb01626.x
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The new Dangerous Preparations Directive (DPD, 1999/45/EC) introduces a special labelling requirement for skin sensitizers in products that are regulated under this Directive. The packaging of products containing 0.1% of a sensitizer must bear the inscription "Contains 'name of sensitizer'. May produce an allergic rea...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.044006321.x
更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A popular "skin protector" consisting of an emulsion-like foam of lipophilic and hydrophilic substances (Marly skin) was evaluated in a previously described repetitive irritation guinea pig model. The product failed to inhibit the irritation due to sodium lauryl sulphate and toluene. In striking contrast to the recomm...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1993.tb03486.x
更新日期：1993-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Colophonium is a common contact allergen that is present not only in household products but also in occupational settings. OBJECTIVES:To describe the sources of occupational exposure to colophonium and the occupations at risk of colophonium allergy. METHODS:We reviewed patch test files from the years 2002 ...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/cod.13114
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
