Abstract:
:The US Congress is well-known for tucking special provisions for favoured projects into budget bills. David Goldston explains why 'earmarks' for research and development have risen so dramatically in recent years.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Goldston Ddoi
10.1038/447628asubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-06-07 00:00:00pages
628issue
7145eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
447628ajournal_volume
447pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract::Called the "mystery of mysteries" by Darwin, speciation is still a little-understood area of evolution. Genetic analysis, however, has yielded new generalizations about speciation and suggests promising avenues of research. ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1038/355511a0
更新日期:1992-02-06 00:00:00
abstract::Midbrain dopamine neurons are activated by reward or sensory stimuli predicting reward. These excitatory responses increase as the reward value increases. This response property has led to a hypothesis that dopamine neurons encode value-related signals and are inhibited by aversive events. Here we show that this is tr...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature08028
更新日期:2009-06-11 00:00:00
abstract::The factors shaping cometary nuclei are still largely unknown, but could be the result of concurrent effects of evolutionary and primordial processes. The peculiar bilobed shape of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko may be the result of the fusion of two objects that were once separate or the result of a localized excava...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature15511
更新日期:2015-10-15 00:00:00
abstract::Apoptosis is a highly regulated process that is crucial for normal development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms. The p35 protein from baculoviruses effectively prevents apoptosis by its broad-spectrum caspase inhibition. Here we report the crystal structure of p35 in complex with human caspase-8 at 3.0 A res...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35068604
更新日期:2001-03-22 00:00:00
abstract::Hypermethylation of the promoters of tumour suppressor genes represses transcription of these genes, conferring growth advantages to cancer cells. How these changes arise is poorly understood. Here we show that the activity of oxygen-dependent ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes is reduced by tumour hypoxia in huma...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature19081
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::During endocytosis, clathrin and the clathrin adaptor protein AP-2, assisted by a variety of accessory factors, help to generate an invaginated bud at the cell membrane. One of these factors is Eps15, a clathrin-coat-associated protein that binds the alpha-adaptin subunit of AP-2. Here we investigate the function of E...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/29555
更新日期:1998-08-20 00:00:00
abstract::Aberrant activation of the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway occurs in almost all colorectal cancers and contributes to their growth, invasion and survival. Although dysregulated beta-catenin activity drives colon tumorigenesis, further genetic perturbations are required to elaborate full malignant transformation. To...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature07179
更新日期:2008-09-25 00:00:00
abstract::'Pioneer' transcription factors are required for stem-cell pluripotency, cell differentiation and cell reprogramming1,2. Pioneer factors can bind nucleosomal DNA to enable gene expression from regions of the genome with closed chromatin. SOX2 is a prominent pioneer factor that is essential for pluripotency and self-re...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2195-y
更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hyperpolarization-activated cation channels of the HCN gene family contribute to spontaneous rhythmic activity in both heart and brain. All four family members contain both a core transmembrane segment domain, homologous to the S1-S6 regions of voltage-gated K+ channels, and a carboxy-terminal 120 amino-acid cyclic nu...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35081088
更新日期:2001-06-14 00:00:00
abstract::Many precious, 'iron-loving' metals, such as gold, are surprisingly abundant in the accessible parts of the Earth, given the efficiency with which core formation should have removed them to the planet's deep interior. One explanation of their over-abundance is a 'late veneer'--a flux of meteorites added to the Earth a...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature10399
更新日期:2011-09-07 00:00:00
abstract::Protonic ceramic fuel cells, like their higher-temperature solid-oxide fuel cell counterparts, can directly use both hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuels to produce electricity at potentially more than 50 per cent efficiency1,2. Most previous direct-hydrocarbon fuel cell research has focused on solid-oxide fuel cells based ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0082-6
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The 37-amino-acid calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The potency of CGRP as a vasodilator and the occurrence of the peptide in nerves associated with blood vessels suggest an important role for CGRP in the regulation of blood flow. The ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/335073a0
更新日期:1988-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate a repertoire of immune responses that bring about resistance to infection and silencing or tolerance to self. In the settings of infection and cancer, microbes and tumours can exploit DCs to evade immunity, but DCs also can generate resistance, a capacity that is readily enhanced with...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1038/nature06175
更新日期:2007-09-27 00:00:00
abstract::Determining the chronology for the assembly of planetary bodies in the early Solar System is essential for a complete understanding of star- and planet-formation processes. Various radionuclide chronometers (applied to meteorites) have been used to determine that basaltic lava flows on the surface of the asteroid Vest...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature00995
更新日期:2002-08-29 00:00:00
abstract::The basolateral amygdala (BLA) has a crucial role in emotional learning irrespective of valence. The BLA projection to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is thought to modulate cue-triggered motivated behaviours, but our understanding of the interaction between these two brain regions has been limited by the inability to man...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature10194
更新日期:2011-06-29 00:00:00
abstract::The establishment of embryonic polarity is a crucial step in pattern formation and morphogenesis. In the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster, embryonic polarity depends primarily on genes expressed in the female during oogenesis. Mutations in these 'maternal effect' genes can lead to major disruptions in normal pattern f...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/311262a0
更新日期:1984-09-20 00:00:00
abstract::Inhibitory neurotransmission mediated by GABA(A) receptors can be modulated by the endogenous neurosteroids, allopregnanolone and tetrahydro-deoxycorticosterone. Neurosteroids are synthesized de novo in the brain during stress, pregnancyand after ethanol consumption, and disrupted steroid regulation of GABAergic trans...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature05324
更新日期:2006-11-23 00:00:00
abstract::Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a result of complex gene-environment interactions, and several risk factors have been identified, including age, family history, diet, sedentary lifestyle and obesity. Statistical models that combine known risk factors for T2D can partly identify individuals at high risk of developing the dise...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature12198
更新日期:2013-06-06 00:00:00
abstract::Red colobus are one of a small number of primate species in which females have been reported to transfer between breeding groups more commonly than males. Several authors have hypothesised that in such species transference may serve to reduce the risk to females of producing offspring of lower fitness through inbreedi...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/281568a0
更新日期:1979-10-18 00:00:00
abstract::The upper temperature at which a living system can exist is limited by the hydrolytic breakdown rate of its chemical constituents. The peptide bonds of proteins, the phosphodiester and N-glycosyl bonds in RNA and DNA, and the pyrophosphate and N-glycosyl bonds in nucleotides such as ATP and NAD are among the more impo...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/310430a0
更新日期:1984-08-02 00:00:00
abstract::Dopamine modulates medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) activity to mediate diverse behavioural functions1,2; however, the precise circuit computations remain unknown. One potentially unifying model by which dopamine may underlie a diversity of functions is by modulating the signal-to-noise ratio in subpopulations of mPFC ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0682-1
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Calcification of the aortic valve is the third leading cause of heart disease in adults. The incidence increases with age, and it is often associated with a bicuspid aortic valve present in 1-2% of the population. Despite the frequency, neither the mechanisms of valve calcification nor the developmental origin of a tw...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature03940
更新日期:2005-09-08 00:00:00
abstract::Cancer control by adaptive immunity involves a number of defined death and clearance mechanisms. However, efficient inhibition of exponential cancer growth by T cells and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) requires additional undefined mechanisms that arrest cancer cell proliferation. Here we show that the combined action of the T-...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature11824
更新日期:2013-02-21 00:00:00
abstract::Multicomponent reactions are relied on in both academic and industrial synthetic organic chemistry owing to their step- and atom-economy advantages over traditional synthetic sequences1. Recently, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) motifs have become valuable as pharmaceutical bioisosteres of benzene rings, and in particular...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2060-z
更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mineralocorticoid secretion is predominantly controlled by the octapeptide angiotensin II, which exerts trophic actions on the adrenal glomerulosa and acute regulatory effects on aldosterone biosynthesis. The trophic actions include stimulation of angiotensin II receptors and enzymes of the aldosterone biosynthetic pa...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/289507a0
更新日期:1981-02-05 00:00:00
abstract::The evolutionary theory of ageing explains why ageing occurs, giving valuable insight into the mechanisms underlying the complex cellular and molecular changes that contribute to senescence. Such understanding also helps to clarify how the genome shapes the ageing process, thereby aiding the study of the genetic facto...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1038/35041682
更新日期:2000-11-09 00:00:00
abstract::Chemical reactions inside single crystals are likely to be highly selective, but examples of single crystal to single crystal (SC-SC) transformations are uncommon, because crystallinity is difficult to retain following the rearrangement of atoms in the solid state. The most widely studied SC-SC transformations involve...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature09085
更新日期:2010-06-03 00:00:00
abstract::Treatments that target immune checkpoints, such as the one mediated by programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1, have been approved for treating human cancers with durable clinical benefit. However, many patients with cancer fail to respond to compounds that target the PD-1 and PD-L1 interaction, an...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature25015
更新日期:2018-01-04 00:00:00
abstract::Menopause is associated with bone loss and enhanced visceral adiposity. A polyclonal antibody that targets the β-subunit of the pituitary hormone follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh) increases bone mass in mice. Here, we report that this antibody sharply reduces adipose tissue in wild-type mice, phenocopying genetic hap...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature22342
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Exploiters (parasites and predators) are thought to play a significant role in diversification, and ultimately speciation, of their hosts or prey. Exploiters may drive sympatric (within-population) diversification if there are a variety of exploiter-resistance strategies or fitness costs associated with exploiter resi...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature01164
更新日期:2002-12-05 00:00:00