Dopamine enhances signal-to-noise ratio in cortical-brainstem encoding of aversive stimuli.

abstract：:The global burden of malaria has been substantially reduced over the past two decades. Future efforts to reduce malaria further will require moving beyond the treatment of clinical infections to targeting malaria transmission more broadly in the community. As such, the accurate identification of asymptomatic human inf...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Wu L,van den Hoogen LL,Slater H,Walker PG,Ghani AC,Drakeley CJ,Okell LC

更新日期：2015-12-03 00:00:00

abstract：:Receptors for dopamine have been classified into two functional types, D1 and D2. They belong to the family of receptors acting through G (or guanine nucleotide-binding) proteins. D2 receptors inhibit adenylyl cyclase, but D1 receptors stimulate adenylyl cyclase and activate cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases. Dopam...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Sunahara RK,Niznik HB,Weiner DM,Stormann TM,Brann MR,Kennedy JL,Gelernter JE,Rozmahel R,Yang YL,Israel Y

更新日期：1990-09-06 00:00:00

abstract：:The Rab GTPases function as specific regulators of membrane transport. The GTP/GDP cycle is believed to control shuttling of Rab proteins between the cytosol and organelle membranes. In vitro, Rab proteins are removed from membranes by a protein that inhibits GDP dissociation (rabGDI), which leads to formation of a cy...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Ullrich O,Horiuchi H,Bucci C,Zerial M

更新日期：1994-03-10 00:00:00

abstract：:The opening and closing of voltage-activated Na+, Ca2+ and K+ (Kv) channels underlies electrical and chemical signalling throughout biology, yet the structural basis of voltage sensing is unknown. Hanatoxin is a tarantula toxin that inhibits Kv channels by binding to voltage-sensor paddles, crucial helix-turn-helix mo...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Phillips LR,Milescu M,Li-Smerin Y,Mindell JA,Kim JI,Swartz KJ

更新日期：2005-08-11 00:00:00

abstract：:In the initiation of translation in eukaryotes, binding of the small ribosomal subunit to the messenger RNA results from recognition of the 5' cap structure (m7GpppX) of the mRNA by the cap-binding complex eIF4F. eIF4F is itself a three-subunit complex comprising the cap-binding protein eIF4E, eIF4A, an ATP-dependent ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Craig AW,Haghighat A,Yu AT,Sonenberg N

更新日期：1998-04-02 00:00:00

abstract：: ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Díaz RF

更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:MicroRNAs (miRNAs) mediate post-transcriptional gene regulation through association with Argonaute proteins (AGOs). Crystal structures of archaeal and bacterial homologues of AGOs have shown that the MID (middle) domain mediates the interaction with the phosphorylated 5' end of the miRNA guide strand and this interact...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Frank F,Sonenberg N,Nagar B

更新日期：2010-06-10 00:00:00

abstract：:The T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is selected in the thymus after rearrangement of genes encoding TCR alpha and beta chains. Selection is based on the recognition by newly emergent T cells of self-ligands associated with molecules of the major histocompatibility complex: some combinations result in positive selecti...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Dyson PJ,Knight AM,Fairchild S,Simpson E,Tomonari K

更新日期：1991-02-07 00:00:00

abstract：:The ability to repair or promote regeneration within the adult human brain has been envisioned for decades. Until recently, such efforts mainly involved delivery of growth factors and cell transplants designed to rescue or replace a specific population of neurons, and the results have largely been disappointing. New a...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Barker RA,Götz M,Parmar M

更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gradual accumulation of evidence is thought to be fundamental for decision-making, and its neural correlates have been found in several brain regions. Here we develop a generalizable method to measure tuning curves that specify the relationship between neural responses and mentally accumulated evidence, and apply it t...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Hanks TD,Kopec CD,Brunton BW,Duan CA,Erlich JC,Brody CD

更新日期：2015-04-09 00:00:00

abstract：:During development, neuronal survival is regulated by the limited availability of neurotrophins, which are proteins of the nerve growth factor (NGF) family. Activation of specific trk tyrosine kinase receptors by the neurotrophins blocks programmed cell death. The trkA-specific ligand NGF has also been shown to activa...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Frade JM,Rodríguez-Tébar A,Barde YA

更新日期：1996-09-12 00:00:00

abstract：:Collections in early Middle Miocene deposits at Pasalar in Turkey have yielded a very rich fauna. Included in this are two hominoid species referred here to Sivapithecus darwini (Abel) 1902 and Ramapithecus wickeri (Leakey) 1962. These are both more primitive morphologically and earlier in time than other species of t...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Andrews P,Tobien H

更新日期：1977-08-25 00:00:00

abstract：:A set of restriction fragments cloned into phage lambda vectors has allowed us to locate a site necessary for full rpoBC expression. We find that these genes for the two large subunits of RNA polymerase and the genes, rplL and rplJ, for two ribosomal proteins, form a single operon. ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Linn T,Scaife J

更新日期：1978-11-02 00:00:00

abstract：:The Gram-negative bacterium Myxococcus xanthus has a complex life cycle during which large amounts of a protein of relative molecular mass (Mr) 19,000, known as protein S, are assembled into a spore surface coat by a process that specifically requires calcium ions. The gene for protein S has been cloned and the DNA se...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Wistow G,Summers L,Blundell T

更新日期：1985-06-27 00:00:00

abstract：:Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB) are seen in teeth that are composed of crossed sets of enamel prisms. They are present in the teeth of man and many other mammals, but absent in most insectivores and multituberculates. It has been suggested that the presence of HSB makes the tooth enamel less likely to split and is associa...

journal_title：Nature

authors： von Koenigswald W,Rensberger JM,Pretzschner HU

更新日期：1987-07-09 00:00:00

abstract：:Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signals by contacting two distantly related transmembrane serine/threonine kinases called receptors I and II. The role of these molecules in signalling has now been determined. TGF-beta binds directly to receptor II, which is a constitutively active kinase. Bound TGF-beta is ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Wrana JL,Attisano L,Wieser R,Ventura F,Massagué J

更新日期：1994-08-04 00:00:00

abstract：:Osmotic pressures are generated by differences in chemical potential of a solution across a membrane. But whether osmosis can have a significant effect on the pressure of fluids in geological environments has been controversial, because the membrane properties of geological media are poorly understood. 'Anomalous' pre...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Neuzil CE

更新日期：2000-01-13 00:00:00

abstract：:Cytotoxic T cells lyse only those virus infected target cells in vitro which express, in addition to the viral antigen(s), those K or D region products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) which were present during anti-viral sensitisation in vivo. This 'associative recognition' by cytotoxic T cells could ref...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Koszinowski U,Gething MJ,Waterfield M

更新日期：1977-05-12 00:00:00

abstract：:Cpdm (chronic proliferative dermatitis) mice develop chronic dermatitis and an immunodeficiency with increased serum IgM, symptoms that resemble those of patients with X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome and hypohydrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XHM-ED), which is caused by mutations in NEMO (NF-κB essential modulator; also known...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Tokunaga F,Nakagawa T,Nakahara M,Saeki Y,Taniguchi M,Sakata S,Tanaka K,Nakano H,Iwai K

更新日期：2011-03-31 00:00:00

abstract：:In 1975-79, joint expeditions from Yale University and the Geological Survey of Pakistan (YGSP) recovered fossil lorisids in the Siwalik Group of Pakistan from four localities, spanning a period before 10 Myr ago to about 7 Myr ago. In three of the localities, only isolated teeth or fragments were found, whereas the f...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Jacobs LL

更新日期：1981-02-12 00:00:00

abstract：:Molecular cloning and DNA sequencing have yielded considerable structural information about proenkephalin. All previously characterized intermediate peptides of the enkephalin pathways in bovine adrenal medulla have now been aligned into an unambiguous primary structure. Two basic amino acid residues serve as processi...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Gubler U,Seeburg P,Hoffman BJ,Gage LP,Udenfriend S

更新日期：1982-01-21 00:00:00

abstract：:Because their molecular signatures are often prominent in extracts of sediments, bacteria are thought to be important contributors to petroleum source beds. It has been shown recently, however, that abundances of biomarkers do not always reflect relative contributions to sedimentary organic carbon (Corg). The contrib...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Hartgers WA,Sinninghe Damste JS,Requejo AG,Allan J,Hayes JM,de Leeuw JW

更新日期：1994-05-19 00:00:00

abstract：:The three-dimensional structure of the ligand-binding region of human E-selectin has been determined at 2.0 A resolution. The structure reveals limited contact between the two domains and a coordination of Ca2+ not predicted from other C-type lectins. Structure/function analysis indicates a defined region and specific...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Graves BJ,Crowther RL,Chandran C,Rumberger JM,Li S,Huang KS,Presky DH,Familletti PC,Wolitzky BA,Burns DK

更新日期：1994-02-10 00:00:00

abstract：:Activated T lymphocytes differentiate into effector cells tailored to meet disparate challenges to host integrity. For example, type 1 and type 2 helper (T(H)1 and T(H)2) cells secrete cytokines that enhance cell-mediated and humoral immunity, respectively. The chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) can ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Gu L,Tseng S,Horner RM,Tam C,Loda M,Rollins BJ

更新日期：2000-03-23 00:00:00

abstract：:Since the first aeroplane flight more than 100 years ago, aeroplanes have been propelled using moving surfaces such as propellers and turbines. Most have been powered by fossil-fuel combustion. Electroaerodynamics, in which electrical forces accelerate ions in a fluid1,2, has been proposed as an alternative method of ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Xu H,He Y,Strobel KL,Gilmore CK,Kelley SP,Hennick CC,Sebastian T,Woolston MR,Perreault DJ,Barrett SRH

更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The assembly of ribosomes in bacterial cells is a complex process that remains poorly characterized. The in vitro assembly of active ribosomal subunits from purified RNA and protein components indicates that all of the information for proper assembly resides in the primary sequences of these macromolecules. On the oth...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Nishi K,Morel-Deville F,Hershey JW,Leighton T,Schnier J

更新日期：1988-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Angiogenesis, the formation of new capillaries from pre-existing vessels, is essential for tumour progression. Angiostatin, a proteolytic fragment of plasminogen that was first isolated from the serum and urine of tumour-bearing mice, inhibits angiogenesis and thereby growth of primary and metastatic tumours. Radiothe...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Mauceri HJ,Hanna NN,Beckett MA,Gorski DH,Staba MJ,Stellato KA,Bigelow K,Heimann R,Gately S,Dhanabal M,Soff GA,Sukhatme VP,Kufe DW,Weichselbaum RR

更新日期：1998-07-16 00:00:00

abstract：:In the brain, hippocampal pyramidal cells use temporal as well as rate coding to signal spatial aspects of the animal's environment or behaviour. The temporal code takes the form of a phase relationship to the concurrent cycle of the hippocampal electroencephalogram theta rhythm. These two codes could each represent a...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Huxter J,Burgess N,O'Keefe J

更新日期：2003-10-23 00:00:00

abstract：:Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes are macroglial cells of the vertebrate central nervous system. These cells have diverse roles in the maintenance of neurological function. In the embryo, the genetic mechanisms that underlie the specification of macroglial precursors in vivo appear strikingly similar to those that regul...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Rowitch DH,Kriegstein AR

更新日期：2010-11-11 00:00:00

abstract：:The instruction of the immune system to be tolerant of self, thereby preventing autoimmunity, is facilitated by the education of T cells in a specialized organ, the thymus, in which self-reactive cells are either eliminated or differentiated into tolerogenic Foxp3(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells. However, it is unknown...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Lathrop SK,Bloom SM,Rao SM,Nutsch K,Lio CW,Santacruz N,Peterson DA,Stappenbeck TS,Hsieh CS

更新日期：2011-09-21 00:00:00