Abstract:
:To determine which of seven library design algorithms best introduces new protein function without destroying it altogether, seven combinatorial libraries of green fluorescent protein variants were designed and synthesized. Each was evaluated by distributions of emission intensity and color compiled from measurements made in vivo. Additional comparisons were made with a library constructed by error-prone PCR. Among the designed libraries, fluorescent function was preserved for the greatest fraction of samples in a library designed by using a structure-based computational method developed and described here. A trend was observed toward greater diversity of color in designed libraries that better preserved fluorescence. Contrary to trends observed among libraries constructed by error-prone PCR, preservation of function was observed to increase with a library's average mutation level among the four libraries designed with structure-based computational methods.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Treynor TP,Vizcarra CL,Nedelcu D,Mayo SLdoi
10.1073/pnas.0609647103subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-01-02 00:00:00pages
48-53issue
1eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490pii
0609647103journal_volume
104pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Humans speak, monkeys grunt, and ducks quack. How do we come to know which vocalizations animals produce? Here we explore this question by asking whether young infants expect humans, but not other animals, to produce speech, and further, whether infants have similarly restricted expectations about the sources of vocal...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0906049106
更新日期:2009-11-03 00:00:00
abstract::To differentiate roles of androgen receptor (AR) in prostate stromal and epithelial cells, we have generated inducible-(ind)ARKO-TRAMP and prostate epithelial-specific ARKO TRAMP (pes-ARKO-TRAMP) mouse models, in which the AR was knocked down in both prostate epithelium and stroma or was knocked out in the prostate ep...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0804701105
更新日期:2008-08-26 00:00:00
abstract::During malaria and other infections, the plasma concentration of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) increases 3- to 4-fold, but the function of this glycoprotein has been unknown. This study demonstrates, by in vitro culture of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, that the AGP concentration achieved during malaria...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.80.17.5421
更新日期:1983-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Efficient expression of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) genes requires both host and viral proteins and is dependent on DNA sequences in the proviral long terminal repeats (LTRs). We have used DNase I-protection assays (footprinting) to construct a map of protein-DNA interactions over a 250-nucleotide regi...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.85.5.1457
更新日期:1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A cyclic AMP-binding protein (CAP protein), cyclic AMP, and RNA polymerase holoenzyme are shown to initiate lac transcription at the lac promoter. Lac repressor appears to control transcription by preventing RNA polymerase and/or CAP protein from binding to the lac promoter. Results support the idea that the lac promo...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.68.8.1828
更新日期:1971-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::We recently isolated an RNA polymerase II elongation factor from rat liver nuclei and found it to be homologous to the product of the human ELL gene, a frequent target for translocations in acute myeloid leukemia. To further our understanding of the possible role(s) of ELL in transcriptional regulation and human disea...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.94.8.3639
更新日期:1997-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::We postulated that a synergistic combination of two innate immune functions, pathogen surface recognition and lysis, in a protein chimera would lead to a robust class of engineered antimicrobial therapeutics for protection against pathogens. In support of our hypothesis, we have engineered such a chimera to protect ag...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1116027109
更新日期:2012-03-06 00:00:00
abstract::We have previously identified by cDNA cloning 5 mRNAs that appear in resting BALB/c 3T3 cells soon after growth stimulation by serum or platelet-derived growth factor. Five additional mRNAs of this class are described in this report. The mRNAs reached peak levels between 40 and 120 min after serum addition and rapidly...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.84.5.1182
更新日期:1987-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::An enzymatic activity, having the properties expected of a B-specific host-controlled modification enzyme, has been purified from an extract of Escherichia coli strain B. This activity renders the unmodified replicative form of phage fd resistant to B-specific restriction and is only present in strains carrying intact...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.63.2.556
更新日期:1969-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recombination is unknown in natural populations of Rivulus marmoratus, a selfing hermaphrodite, and genetic variation is likely due to mutation alone. DNA fingerprinting with an array of microsatellite [e.g., (CT)9] and minisatellite (e.g., the 33.15 core sequence) probes reveals very high clonal diversity within samp...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.89.22.10643
更新日期:1992-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP) is an autoimmune disease that affects mainly conjunctiva and other squamous epithelia. OCP is histologically characterized by a separation of the epithelium from underlying tissues within the basement membrane zone. Immunopathological studies demonstrate the deposition of anti-basem...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.93.25.14714
更新日期:1996-12-10 00:00:00
abstract::Members of the polo subfamily of protein kinases play pivotal roles in cell-cycle control and proliferation. In addition to a high degree of sequence similarity in the kinase domain, polo kinases contain a strikingly conserved motif termed "polo-box" in the noncatalytic C-terminal domain. We have previously shown that...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.96.25.14360
更新日期:1999-12-07 00:00:00
abstract::DNA vaccines, comprised of plasmid DNA encoding proteins from pathogens, allergens, and tumors, are being evaluated as prophylactic vaccines and therapeutic treatments for infectious diseases, allergies, and cancer; plasmids encoding normal human proteins are likewise being tested as vaccines and treatments for autoim...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1073/pnas.0404845101
更新日期:2004-10-05 00:00:00
abstract::Anti-idiotype antibodies (Ab2) were purified from a cancer patient treated with NP-4, a murine monoclonal antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). These Ab2 were specific for NP-4 and inhibited the binding between NP-4 and CEA. BALB/c mice immunized with these human Ab2 produced anti-Ab2 antibodies that were also r...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.8.3421
更新日期:1991-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::Terrestrial solar UVB radiation ( approximately 295-320 nm) readily induces cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) in human skin DNA that result in characteristic mutations associated with nonmelanoma skin cancer. The proinflammatory cytokine TNFalpha is important in mouse skin chemical carcinogenesis and is thought to ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0703385104
更新日期:2007-11-27 00:00:00
abstract::A fundamental issue in human development concerns how the young infant's ability to recognize emotional signals is acquired through both biological programming and learning factors. This issue is extremely difficult to investigate because of the variety of sensory experiences to which humans are exposed immediately af...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.142165999
更新日期:2002-06-25 00:00:00
abstract::An investigation by paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of the photoreduction of ferredoxin, oxygenically by water and anoxygenically by a direct electron donor to photosystem I, led to the unexpected findings that different reductive mechanisms may be involved. Ferredoxin photoreduced by water was not reoxidized in t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.77.5.2676
更新日期:1980-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The CuAAC reaction (click chemistry) has been used in conjunction with solid-phase synthesis to produce catalytically active hairpin ribozymes around 100 nucleotides in length. Cross-strand ligation through neighboring nucleobases was successful in covalently linking presynthesized RNA strands with high efficiency (tr...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1006447107
更新日期:2010-08-31 00:00:00
abstract::We report two instances of selective accumulation of herpes simplex 1 RNA transcripts in different compartments of infected HEp-2 cells. In the first, transcripts derived from about 50% of the viral DNA accumulated in the nuclei of cells 8 hr after infection. However, only 40-42% of the DNA was represented in transcri...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.71.11.4322
更新日期:1974-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antibodies prepared against peptides CP2, CP4, and CP5, which occur within the first 1522 amino acid residues of the alpha 1 subunit of dihydropyridine-sensitive skeletal muscle calcium channels, specifically recognized a 175-kDa form of the alpha 1 subunit in immunoblots and immunoprecipitation experiments. In contra...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.21.8585
更新日期:1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Translation elongation factor P (EF-P) stimulates ribosomal peptidyltransferase activity. EF-P is conserved in bacteria and is essential for cell viability. Eukarya and Archaea have an EF-P homologue, eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A). In the present study, we determined the crystal structure of EF-P from Therm...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0308667101
更新日期:2004-06-29 00:00:00
abstract::To investigate how T cells recognize allogeneic class I proteins encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), we examined the human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) elicited in a mixed lymphocyte reaction against a lymphoblastoid B-cell line (JY) whose MHC-class I proteins are HLA-A2 and -B7. By panning the res...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.85.8.2728
更新日期:1988-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The cerebral cortex of mammals differentiates into functionally distinct areas that exhibit unique cytoarchitecture, connectivity, and molecular characteristics. Molecular specification of cells fated for limbic cortical areas, based on the expression of the limbic system-associated membrane protein (LAMP), occurs dur...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.89.9.3706
更新日期:1992-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Photo-triggered alpha-helix formation of a 16-residue peptide featuring a built-in conformational photoswitch is monitored by time-resolved IR spectroscopy. An experimental approach with 2-ps time resolution and a scanning range up to 30 micros is used to cover all time scales of the peptide dynamics. Experiments are ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0406948102
更新日期:2005-02-15 00:00:00
abstract::Spatio-temporal studies on the growth of capillary blood vessels and capillary lymphatic vessels in tissue remodeling have suggested that lymphangiogenesis is angiogenesis-dependent. We revisited this concept by using fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) (80 ng) to stimulate the growth of both vessel types in the mouse ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0404272101
更新日期:2004-08-10 00:00:00
abstract::Biological processes often require that a single gene product participate in multiple types of molecular interactions. Viruses with quasiequivalent capsids provide an excellent paradigm for studying such phenomena because identical protein subunits are found in different structural environments. Differences in subunit...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1073/pnas.93.1.27
更新日期:1996-01-09 00:00:00
abstract::Organic substances can adopt an amorphous solid or semisolid state, influencing the rate of heterogeneous reactions and multiphase processes in atmospheric aerosols. Here we demonstrate how molecular diffusion in the condensed phase affects the gas uptake and chemical transformation of semisolid organic particles. Flo...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1103045108
更新日期:2011-07-05 00:00:00
abstract::The posteromedial barrel subfield of the somatosensory cortex of mice was examined histochemically for cytochrome oxidase activity (cytochrome c oxidase; ferrocytochrome c:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.9.3.1). In normal mice a high enzymatic activity was found within the barrel hollows, rather than in the sides and sept...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.77.4.2333
更新日期:1980-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::A serum-free culture of dissociated neurons from embryonic rat hippocampus has been established as a rapid and quantitative in vitro test system for neurotrophic signals in the mammalian brain. By means of this cell culture bioassay, a novel low molecular weight neurotrophic factor (NTF) could be identified. NTF is es...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.81.4.1248
更新日期:1984-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A further study is made of the intertwining operators for the representations of the simple Lie groups of real rank one. We extend and apply this to the higher rank case, obtaining various results dealing with reducibility of principal series and existence of complementary series. ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.66.1.13
更新日期:1970-05-01 00:00:00