Abstract:
:Hydroquinone has been used for decades as a skin lightening agent. Since January 1, 2001, its use in cosmetics has been banned. This ban is as a result of mid-term effects such as leukoderma-en-confetti/occupational vitiligo and exogenous ochronosis. However, a recent literature search on hydroquinone as a skin lightening agent suggests that possible long-term effects such as carcinogenesis may be expected as well. Metabolites of hydroquinone formed in the liver, e.g., p-benzoquinone and glutathione conjugates of hydroquinone, are mainly responsible for this. In the bone marrow, hydroquinone is oxidized into p-benzoquinone because of the high myeloperoxidase activity. Topically applied hydroquinone-containing creams may give rise to accumulation of these compounds, which can cause DNA damage and mutations. They also have the capability to disrupt protective mechanisms, whereby they facilitate further development of cancer. In the bone marrow, long-term effects such as aplastic anemia and acute myeloid leukemias may occur. Most of the evidence stems from research on benzene toxicity, which appears to arise via its metabolite hydroquinone. There is no report yet demonstrating carcinogenesis resulting from the application of hydroquinone-containing creams. However doctors should be aware of these potential health risks which were up until now disregarded.
journal_name
J Cosmet Dermatoljournal_title
Journal of cosmetic dermatologyauthors
Westerhof W,Kooyers TJdoi
10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.40202.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-06-01 00:00:00pages
55-9issue
2eissn
1473-2130issn
1473-2165pii
JCD40202journal_volume
4pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure is related to skin and lip tumors. Therefore, the development of photoprotective lipstick formulations is of utmost importance. AIMS:Considering the biological properties of Shea butter (Butyrospermum parkii), we assessed its potential as an adjuvant in a molded lipstick ...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/jocd.13429
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of tattoo removal treatments using the 1064-nm Q-switched (QS) Nd:YAG laser. BACKGROUND DATA:Today, QS lasers appear to be the most common, effective, and safest methods to treat unwanted markings. MATERIAL AND METHODS:A total of 64 patients with 75 unwanted...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/jocd.12162
更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Seborrhea is linked to several medical and mental conditions. Although it is common, effective agents and the standardized sebum level for seborrhea are not elucidated. AIMS:To determine the efficacy of chitosan particles (CP) formulation on controlling sebum secretion, its extended effects on skin redness ...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/jocd.13274
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Topical cosmetic products can cause adverse reactions in some individuals, particularly those with sensitive skin who may develop irritations or allergic contact dermatitis. Evidence suggests that the frequency of self-reported sensitive skin is increasing in the general population, placing greater importanc...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1111/jocd.12547
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Management of periorbital hyperpigmentation (POH) is still a therapeutic challenge. Although different therapeutic modalities are available, the outcomes of most of them are unsatisfactory. OBJECTIVES:To investigate and compare the efficacy and safety of two new modalities in the treatment of POH; the plate...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1111/jocd.12478
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) has prioritized skin cancer prevention efforts in 2018, as photoprotection measures adopted by the general public remain suboptimal. A large proportion of patients lack understanding of primary prevention methods for skin cancer, and mistruths in advertising may contribute sig...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/jocd.12743
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The pathophysiology of cellulite involves changes in the subcutaneous adipose layer and the extracellular matrix (ECM) that supports it together with overlying dermal layer. Cellular mechanisms governing cellulite are not fully understood. However, it is accepted that changes include enhanced lipogenesis, de...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2011.00594.x
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Facial telangiectasia is one of the common skin vascular lesions characterized by dilated cutaneous vasculatures. The variety of diameters and difference in depths of lesional blood vessels are the major challenges for effective treatments for Facial telangiectasia. AIMS:To compare the efficacy and safety p...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/jocd.13179
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Bimatoprost has known adnexal activity and was observed to increase nail growth at two clinical centers. OBJECTIVES:In this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study, we examine the effect of bimatoprost (Lumigan 0.01%), applied bid to the proximal nail fold on nail growth, nail brittleness...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1111/jocd.12372
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Injectable fillers are widely used in aesthetic medicine. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a semipermanent filler that needs to be diluted with sterile water before injection. PLA has been associated with an increased risk of adverse reactions, specifically nodule formation. OBJECTIVE:To describe adverse reactions ...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2009.00417.x
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hydroquinone (HQ) has been used since the 1950s in commercially available over-the-counter skin lightener products and since the 1960s as a commercially available medical product. It is also used in cosmetic products such as hair dyes and products for coating finger nails. Beginning in 2001, HQ is no longer authorized...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2006.00253.x
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Clinical outcomes of eyebrow restoration with single-follicular-unit hair transplantation largely depend on the surgeon's anatomic knowledge, experience, and technical skills. AIMS:To evaluate the effect of the reconstruction with single follicular unit transplantation on eyebrow loss and provide technical ...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/jocd.13242
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Spiny keratoderma shows "music box spine" keratotic papules limited to the palms and soles and these lesions do not cause any trouble besides the cosmetic impairment and the sensation of roughness of hands and soles. AIM:To present cases and review the literature on spiny keratoderma. PATIENTS/METHODS, RES...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/jocd.13248
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Plantar warts are associated with high transmissibility and morbidity. Among the available therapeutic options, none is uniformly effective or virucidal. Salicylic acid is the first-line therapy but approximately one-third of lesions could not resolve and become recalcitrant despite repeated treatment. Cry...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/jocd.13102
更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Striae gravidarum is a form of scarring on the skin observed during pregnancy and can cause serious cosmetic problems. Striae gravidarum may be influenced by hormonal changes, although the etiology is not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether body mass index (BMI) and serum collagenase-2 lev...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/jocd.12269
更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Botulinum toxin (BTX) therapy is currently the most popular cosmetic procedure in the United States. However, few studies exist regarding post-procedure perceptions of the patients' BTX therapy. OBJECTIVE:The aim of this cohort study was to determine patients' responses from pre- to post-BTX treatment exper...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2008.00359.x
更新日期:2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Pigmentary disorders are commonly seen in dermatology practice and can have a negative psychosocial impact on patients. OBJECTIVE:This study aims to examine the prevalence of pigmentary disorders and their level of psychological and physical impact on patients. METHODS:A prospective cohort study involved a...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2008.00384.x
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Due to the ever-increasing demands for the personalized care, people seek for the tailored management according to the accurate identification of their skin type. The Baumann Skin Type Indicator, which was proposed by Leslie Baumann, is composed of four parameters: oily or dry, resistant or sensitive, pigmen...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/jocd.13347
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Vitiligo is a common pigmentary disorder affecting about 1% of the general population. There are numerous medical and surgical treatments. Microneedling is an evolving treatment technique for an expanding number of dermatologic conditions. It is used also to augment transdermal drug delivery through pores cr...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1111/jocd.12704
更新日期:2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The stratum corneum (SC) (i.e., the outermost layer of human skin) is a complex and paradoxical tissue composed of corneocytes and a matrix of intercellular lipids playing an essential role as the skin's protective barrier. The first paradox of SC is its dual nature. It is composed of nondividing (dead) cells embedded...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2008.00379.x
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:To investigate the effectiveness of the posterior temporal supraSMAS minimally invasive lifting technique and compared it to experiments performed in fresh human body donors by applying skin vector displacement measurement technology. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A total of 15 patients (14 females/1 male) with a m...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/jocd.12722
更新日期:2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Acne vulgaris is a common cosmetic problem that is frequently associated with psychosocial disturbances as well as increased oxidative stress. However, oxidative stress and psychological aspects have been studied separately in acne. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the relationships between oxidative stress, anxiety, ...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/jocd.12366
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The popularity of tattoos in the today's society brings with it a significant increase of the incidence of associated cutaneous reactions. Among the several complications that may occur after a tattooing procedure, allergic and photo-allergic reactions, infections, and Koebner phenomenon are the most common ones obser...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/jocd.13548
更新日期:2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Undecylenoyl phenylalanine is a novel skin-lightening agent, probably acting as α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and beta-adrenergic receptor (β-ADR) antagonist. OBJECTIVES:The objective of this double-blind randomized comparative study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a preparation contai...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1111/jocd.12089
更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Argyria results from silver accumulation in the skin. It is a stressful condition for patients due to skin discoloration. In the past, no effective treatments were available. However, it has been recently reported laser treatments showed promising results. AIM:To review and summarize all reported laser trea...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/jocd.13549
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Masseter hypertrophy is a common, prominent feature in many Asian patients, and correction procedures are often requested for esthetic reasons. Toxin masseter injections have a high efficacy and safety profile, but the risks of a variety of side effects or complications remain. OBJECTIVES:The categorization...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/jocd.12473
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Treating the lower face with neuromodulators and targeting the masseter muscle can reduce masseteric hypertrophy but can also change the facial shape. A novel observation after the treatment of the masseter muscle with incobotulinumtoxin Type A was the increase in temporal volume. AIM:Objectively assess tem...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/jocd.13434
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg.)) is the important crop of the word. It has been vastly used in biomedical products. However, its pharmacologically application besides the latex is sparely to be explored especially the seed. Cellular biological activities of the standardized p...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/jocd.13843
更新日期:2020-11-13 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Anecdotal data suggest that combed natural African hair reaches a length steady state. Easier grooming and anticipated long hair have made relaxers popular. OBJECTIVES:These hypotheses were tested in a cross-sectional survey of 1042 school children using a piloted questionnaire and hair length measurements ...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2007.00326.x
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cutaneous hypermelanoses are frequently encountered conditions that can have severe adverse psychosocial and emotional effects on affected patients. Melasma, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, drug-induced pigmentation, and erythema dischromicum perstans are among the most common cutaneous disorders leading to acquir...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2006.00276.x
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00