Abstract:
:Hydroquinone (HQ) has been used since the 1950s in commercially available over-the-counter skin lightener products and since the 1960s as a commercially available medical product. It is also used in cosmetic products such as hair dyes and products for coating finger nails. Beginning in 2001, HQ is no longer authorized for use in cosmetic skin lightening formulations in European Union countries, although products containing arbutin, an analogue of HQ, and botanicals, including plants that naturally contain HQ and arbutin, continue to remain available in European countries. The potential toxicity of HQ is dependent on the route of exposure, and toxicity in rodents is highly sex-, species-, and strain-specific. Subchronic and chronic toxicity in experimental animals is primarily limited to nephrotoxicity in male F-344 rats. Dermal toxicity studies, even those conducted in the sensitive male F-344 rat, are essentially devoid of systemic toxicity. Developmental and reproductive toxicity studies with HQ in rats and rabbits have not demonstrated significant effects. Cancer bioassay data for HQ demonstrate limited effects and are not sufficient to classify HQ for human carcinogenicity. Epidemiology and occupational studies of workers with extensive exposure to HQ have not reported any evidence of adverse systemic health effects or carcinogenicity. A risk-benefit approach is recommended for assessing the available data for HQ, arbutin, and other materials in use as, or proposed for use as, skin lighteners to provide optimal therapeutic benefits to patients with pigmentary changes of the skin.
journal_name
J Cosmet Dermatoljournal_title
Journal of cosmetic dermatologyauthors
O'Donoghue JLdoi
10.1111/j.1473-2165.2006.00253.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-09-01 00:00:00pages
196-203issue
3eissn
1473-2130issn
1473-2165pii
JCD253journal_volume
5pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:BACKGROUND:Energy-based devices are increasingly used for noninvasive body contouring. Our aim was to investigate the clinical efficacy of combined radiofrequency and ultrasound device for reduction in body circumference in various body parts. AIMS:The aim of our study was to investigate the clinical efficacy of combi...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
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abstract:BACKGROUND:The main application of hyaluronic acid filling, in esthetic medicine, is the augmentation of soft tissues. The carbon dioxide therapy, instead, improves quality and elasticity of the dermis and increases the oxygen release to the tissue through an enhancing of the Bohr's effect. The aim of the study was to ...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
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更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Under specific light illumination, particularly ultraviolet radiation (UVR), the skin produces both specular light reflectance and, possibly, specific fluorescent emission. A quenching effect of fluorescence is observed following the application of sunscreens active against UVA radiations. AIMS:To assess no...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
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更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
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更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.00304.x
更新日期:2005-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
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journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2021-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 信件
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更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:A variety of energy-based devices have been used to treat acne. However, all studies have been subjective and have not involved double-blind and randomized controlled studies. AIMS:We undertook a randomized controlled study evaluating the use of a 650 usec 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser compared with a sham in the tr...
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journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
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更新日期:2020-10-25 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The demand for personalized skin care is increasing rapidly in recent years. In order to provide suitable products for different customers, an accurate assessment of the skin condition is required. It is necessary to establish a remote and convenient method for quantifying skin condition. MATERIALS AND METH...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
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更新日期:2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Blue light from electronic devices enriched with a peak at 456 nm affects circadian rhythm and antioxidant balance of skin, necessitating the study of photoprotection against the 456-nm blue light. AIMS:This study aims to report that blue light (456 nm) can cause skin pigmentation and proposes a new clinica...
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journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Hair plays a significant role in shaping the appearance of an individual. Loss of hair can lead to serious effects on social esteem of an individual. The most common cause of hair loss is Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA).This hereditary disorder followed a specific pattern causing progressive thinning of hair in ...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
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更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Anecdotal data suggest that combed natural African hair reaches a length steady state. Easier grooming and anticipated long hair have made relaxers popular. OBJECTIVES:These hypotheses were tested in a cross-sectional survey of 1042 school children using a piloted questionnaire and hair length measurements ...
journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2007.00326.x
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
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更新日期:2018-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
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journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
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更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of cosmetic dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00