Abstract:
:In three Pavlovian magazine approach experiments, rats received conditioning of auditory and visual stimuli by pairing with a pellet. Then the stimuli received additional conditioning while presented in simultaneous compound and were tested either immediately or after a delay. The compound conditioning resulted in a decrement in responding to the individual stimuli (overexpectation). However, there was recovery of responding with the passage of time. These results suggest that the decrements produced by an overexpectation procedure share some properties with those produced by nonreinforcement.
journal_name
Learn Behavjournal_title
Learning & behaviorauthors
Rescorla RAdoi
10.3758/bf03192867subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-02-01 00:00:00pages
13-20issue
1eissn
1543-4494issn
1543-4508journal_volume
34pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The present research examined the temporal distribution of responding in a lick suppression paradigm. In Experiment 1, rats were trained with either a 30- or a 120-s conditioned stimulus (CS), which was followed either by a footshock (unconditioned stimulus [US]) or nothing. Licking during the CS was suppressed only i...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-010-0012-4
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The dominant theoretical approach to causal learning postulates the acquisition of associative weights between cues and outcomes. This reduction of causal induction to associative learning implies that learners are insensitive to important characteristics of causality, such as the inherent directionality between cause...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/bf03196064
更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present research demonstrates a conditioning order effect difference: Odor-aversion conditioning is stronger following OT+/O+ conditioning than following O+/OT+ conditioning with specific odor (O) and taste (T) cues. When a weak odor cue was used in Experiments 1A and 1B, OT+/O+ conditioning produced significantly...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/LB.36.4.267
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::When humans procrastinate, they delay completing a required relatively aversive task. In the present experiments with pigeons, we considered the possibility that completing the task close to the deadline results in the formation of a stronger conditioned reinforcer. In Experiment 1, pigeons were given a choice between...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-019-00397-2
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Using the database Web of Science, a systematic search for literature on learning in Cnidaria, both non-associative and associative, was conducted. Cnidaria comprise hydras, box jellies, (true) jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones, a group of animals possessing diffuse networks of nerves known as nerve nets or neural n...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3758/s13420-020-00452-3
更新日期:2021-01-13 00:00:00
abstract::A novel learning process that does not require stimulus associations was explored in humans. The hypothesis was that two contextual stimuli taught in separate settings, with different stimuli, become equivalent if they accomplish identical functions with regard to the relations between the stimuli presented with them....
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-014-0166-6
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Are humans unique in their ability to interpret exogenous events as causes? We addressed this question by observing the behavior of rats for indications of causal learning. Within an operant motor-sensory preconditioning paradigm, associative surgical techniques revealed that rats attempted to control an outcome (i.e....
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-012-0075-5
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Symmetry inference-that is, spontaneously deriving the stimulus association B-A from A-B-was recently reported in preverbal infants (Kabdebon & Dehaene-Lambertz, 2019, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116[12], 5805-5810) and regarded as a "building block for human cognit...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-019-00405-5
更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prior categorization studies have shown that pigeons reliably track features that are relevant to category discrimination. In these studies, category exemplars contained two relevant and two irrelevant features; therefore, category density (specifically, the relevant to irrelevant information ratio) was relatively hig...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-019-00372-x
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-013-0128-4
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Domestic dogs have become well known for their socio-cognitive successes, so what does it mean when domestic dogs fail to cooperate? A new study by Marshall-Pescini, Schwarz, Kostelnik, Virányi, and Range (PNAS, 114(44) 11793-11798, 2017) highlights the importance of considering socioecological context, learning, and ...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-018-0334-1
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::When facing two sets of imprinting objects of different numerousness, domestic chicks prefer to approach the larger one. Given that choice for familiar and novel stimuli in imprinting situations is known to be affected by the sex of the animals, we investigated how male and female domestic chicks divide the time spent...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-020-00446-1
更新日期:2020-10-06 00:00:00
abstract::Appetitive, aversive and avoidance responses to a flavoured solution in distinct contexts were examined. Rats placed in either a white or black box were given access to saccharin. Consumption was followed by an injection of a toxin in one but not the other box. Rats showed more aversive responses in anticipation of an...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-010-0008-0
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rats searched for food in a situation that allowed them to determine which locations contained food after searching a small number of them, but not which of the baited locations contained more-preferred food rather than a less-preferred food. During some experimental trials, the latter information was available from t...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-018-0322-5
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rats received three-trial series on a T-maze consisting of extended visually distinct left-black and right-striped side runways. During the first phase of training, when allowed to select baited runways within these series, they predominantly alternated their choices. During the second phase, rats received forced-choi...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/bf03196045
更新日期:2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::In four trace-conditioning experiments with rats, the influence on the blocking of differences between the blocking cue-unconditioned stimulus (US) and the blocked cue-US trace intervals was explored. Experiment 1 demonstrated blocking despite the blocked cue's having a shorter trace interval than the blocking cue in ...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/lb.36.2.92
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::We frame behavior in classical conditioning experiments as the product of normative statistical inference. According to this theory, animals learn an internal model of their environment from experience. The basic building blocks of this internal model are latent causes-explanatory constructs inferred by the animal tha...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-012-0080-8
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::How does the effectiveness of guiding cues influence the development of motor skill autonomy? We utilized two sets of guiding cues (lights vs. reversed-lights conditions) that differed in their effectiveness to control a left-right leverpress sequence in rats. We separately measured the development of stimulus control...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-013-0121-y
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The reciprocal exchange of goods and services among social partners is a conundrum in evolutionary biology because of its proneness to cheating, but also the behavioral and cognitive mechanisms involved in such mutual cooperation are hotly debated. Extreme viewpoints range from the assumption that, at the proximate le...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-016-0236-z
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three experiments examined the effect of response-outcome contingencies on human ratings of causal efficacy and demonstrated that such ratings transfer to novel situations through derived stimulus relations. Efficacy ratings generally followed the delta probability rule when positive response-outcome contingencies wer...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.3758/s13420-012-0066-6
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent findings have indicated that European starlings perceive overall spectral shape and use this, rather than absolute pitch or timbre, to generalize between similar melodic progressions. This finding highlights yet another parallel between human and avian vocal communication systems and has many biological implica...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-016-0237-y
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although it is thought that within-compound associations are necessary for the occurrence of both backward blocking and unovershadowing, it is not known whether this variable plays a similar role in mediating the two phenomena. Similarly, the roles of within-compound associations in forward blocking and in reduced ove...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-012-0085-3
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Previous place conditioning studies in mice have shown that injection of ethanol immediately before a conditioned stimulus (CS+) produces conditioned preference, whereas injection of ethanol immediately after CS+ produces conditioned aversion. In the present experiments, we examined the learning that occurs when ethan...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/bf03195988
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In three experiments, we examined the effect of response-outcome relations on human ratings of causal efficacy and demonstrated that such efficacy ratings transfer to novel situations through derived stimulus relations. Causal efficacy ratings were higher, and probability of an outcome given a response was lower, for ...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/LB.37.4.336
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::An artificial-intelligence model based on deep learning developed units in a hidden layer that resembled mammalian grid cells in the hippocampus when the agent was taught to integrate paths. The full model performed sophisticated navigational tasks-in some cases even better than a human. ...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-018-0329-y
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Howard, Avargues-Weber, Garcia, Greentree, and Dyer (Science Advances, 5,1-6, 2019) report experiments in which honeybees initially shown a number of shapes could subsequently choose a pattern that added or subtracted one from that number. Further, the operations of addition and subtraction were cued by the colors of ...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-019-00382-9
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Delay of reinforcement is generally thought to be inversely correlated with speed of acquisition. However, in the case of simultaneous discrimination learning, in which choice results in immediate reinforcement, delay of reinforcement can improve acquisition. For example, in the ephemeral reward task, animals are give...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-019-00407-3
更新日期:2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this study, we examined whether adult humans' tool selections in a stick-and-tube problem might resemble previously published results of crows' selections if people had more experience solving the problem or were presented with a more ambiguous problem. In Experiments 1a and 1b, when given multiple opportunities to...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-012-0069-3
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Various types of discrimination learning tasks, such as so-called nonconditional, conditional, and biconditional tasks, are generally held to differ in complexity and to require different amounts of training. However, rather than a difference in rule complexity, between-task performance differences may reflect a diffe...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/bf03206428
更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/bf03196019
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00